lumpy skin disease outbreak in India

In November 2019 lumpy skin disease in the country was confirmed in a lab. It was mainly restricted to sporadic cases in locations such as Odisha.{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=2022-09-15 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Cattle epidemic rages on despite vaccination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lumpy-skin-disease-cattle-epidemic-rages-on-despite-vaccination-101663265818201.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times}}{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=7 September 2022 |title=Declare lumpy skin an epidemic, say Uttar Pradesh cattle owners; seek aid |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/declare-lumpy-skin-an-epidemic-say-uttar-pradesh-cattle-owners-seek-aid-84778 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Down to Earth}} The origin or source of the disease in India,{{Cite web |last1=Shagun |last2=Shaji |first2=K A |last3=Panda |first3=Ajit |last4=Chakravartty |first4=Anupam |date=13 January 2021 |title=Lumpy skin disease: The deadly pandemic that has taken root among India's bovines |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/lumpy-skin-disease-the-deadly-pandemic-that-has-taken-root-among-india-s-bovines-75037 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Down to Earth}} as well as the outbreak in 2022 remained unknown.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 September 2022 |title=Lumpy skin disease may be spreading unusually because of 47 virus variants found in India: Study |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1033315/lumpy-skin-disease-may-be-spreading-unusually-because-of-47-virus-variants-found-in-india-study |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}} A comparison and analysis of the 2022 outbreak with the 2019 version found differences in the disease.{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2022-09-18 |title=Lumpy skin disease virus different from 2019 version |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lumpy-skin-disease-virus-different-from-2019-version/article65906807.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}} States such as Kerala reported 30-40 cases each between December 2019 and January 2021. In August 2020 cases were reported from Assam.{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Bitopan |date=2020-08-27 |title=Lumpy skin disease among cattle to hit milk production in Assam |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/08/27/lumpy-skin-disease-among-cattle-to-hit-milk-production-in-assam/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}

Cases were first reported in April 2022 from Gujarat.{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-24 |title=Lumpy skin: the affliction may prove a death knell for dairy industry |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/all-about-lumpy-skin-the-affliction-that-may-prove-a-death-knell-for-dairy-industry-1503114671.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Kutch: ગાયોના મોતથી માલધારીઓમાં ચિંતા, લખપતના ગામોમાં ફેલાયું લમ્પી સ્કિન ડીસીઝ |trans-title=Kutch: Death of cows worries farmers, Lumpy skin disease spread in Lakhpat villages |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/kutchh/animal-herders-in-trouble-after-cows-suffer-from-lumpy-skin-disease-in-lakhpat-kdg-kb-local18-1202772.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu}}{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=ચેતવણીઃ ગુજરાતની ગાયોમાં મોટા રોગના ભણકારા, થાય છે માત્ર સાત દિવસમાં મોત |trans-title=Warning: Major disease outbreak in Gujarat cows, death occurs in just seven days |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/lumpy-skin-disease-in-cow-a-disease-called-lumpy-skin-disease-in-cattle-of-kutch/gj20220426180127078078615 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=ETV Bharat News}}{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Abhimanyu |date=14 September 2022 |title=What Is Lumpy Skin Disease And How India Is Fighting It: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-is-lumpy-skin-disease-and-how-india-is-fighting-it-10-points-3340560 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=NDTV}} In late July 2022 Gujarat introduced bans on cattle movement in select districts.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Ban on livestock transport from 14 districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/lumpy-skin-disease-ban-on-livestock-transport-from-14-districts-8055739/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} Maharashtra's first case was reported on August 4 in Jalgaon district.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title='Lumpy Skin Disease in livestock poses no risk to human health' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lumpy-skin-disease-in-livestock-poses-no-risk-to-human-health-8149565/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} On 6 August Rajasthan imposed restrictions on cattle fairs.{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-08-06 |title=Cattle fairs brought to a halt in Rajasthan to control lumpy skin disease |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cattle-fairs-brought-to-a-halt-in-rajasthan-to-control-lumpy-skin-disease/article65737852.ece |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0971-751X}} On 20 August Panchkula district banned inter-district transport.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2022 |title=Panchkula admn imposes ban on inter-dist movement of cattle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/panchkula-admn-imposes-ban-on-inter-dist-movement-of-cattle-423800 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Tribune India}} On 24 August Uttar Pradesh started introducing restrictions.{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Govt orders temporary ban on cattle fairs and transport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/lumpy-skin-disease-govt-orders-temporary-ban-on-cattle-fairs-and-transport-8107998/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} Affected districts in Madhya Pradesh saw movement bans.{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |agency=PTI |title=2,171 cattle found infected with Lumpy skin disease in MP; transportation of bovine animals banned |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2171-cattle-found-infected-with-lumpy-skin-disease-in-mp-transportation-of-bovine-animals-banned/2661882/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express}} On 14 September cattle transport in Mumbai was banned; health certification is needed for movement.{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Mustafa |date=13 September 2022 |title=Maharashtra announces aid as 42 cattle succumb to lumpy skin disease |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-announces-aid-as-42-cattle-succumb-to-lumpy-skin-disease-1999540-2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}} On 23 September Uttar Pradesh initiated more bans in movement of cattle.{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-23 |title=Lumpy skin disease: UP bans cattle trade with 4 states, restrict animal movement |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-up-bans-cattle-trade-with-4-states-restrict-animal-movement-11663933972810.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Livemint}} States such as Chhattisgarh initiated preventive measures even while it reported no cases of the disease.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |agency=PTI |title=Chhattisgarh Government Taking Preventive Measures Though No Cattle Lumpy Skin Disease Case Detected |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/chhattisgarh-government-taking-preventive-measures-though-no-cattle-lumpy-skin-disease-case-detected-news-224845 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Outlook India}} Delhi started free vaccinations on 26 September.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Delhi starts vaccination to restrict the spread |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-delhi-starts-vaccination-to-restrict-the-spread-11664192682333.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Livemint}}

The direct economic loss includes the value of the dead cattle, and associated losses such as decrease in the production of milk, including a decrease of yield in infected cattle.{{Cite web |last=Shagun |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ground Report: Lumpy Skin Disease has created a livelihood crisis for India's small dairy farmers |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/ground-report-lumpy-skin-disease-has-created-a-livelihood-crisis-for-india-s-small-dairy-farmers-85245 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Down to Earth}} Movement restrictions add to the indirect losses. In August 2022 Gujarat reported a dip in milk collection amounting to approximately 1,00,000 liters per day in certain locations.{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=Gujarat, MP in Lumpy Skin Disease grip; milk production takes a hit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/06/gujarat-mp-in-lumpy-skin-disease-grip-milk-production-takes-a-hit-2484682.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express}} Collection of milk in Rajasthan fell by over 20% in August 2022; by September collection had decreased by 500,000-600,000 litres per day.{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Sachin |date=2022-09-19 |title=Lumpy skin disease affects milk economy in Rajasthan; production down by 21% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/lumpy-skin-disease-affects-milk-economy-in-rajasthan-production-down-by-21-101663565720349.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}} In some places collection has fallen to zero in Rajasthan. This has not impacted the price of milk.{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-11 |title=Milk collection reduced by 3 to 4 lakh litre per day in this state |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lumpy-skin-disease-milk-produce-reduces-by-3-to-4-lakh-litre-per-day-in-rajasthan-11662886856462.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Livemint}} On 12 September Mother Dairy's managing director said the impact on production was minor.

Indian laboratories have undertaken research on a domestic vaccine since 2019. A team led by Dr Naveen Kumar, principal scientist at ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, developed India's first lumpy skin disease vaccine, named Lumpi-ProVacInd. The vaccine was launched on August 10, 2022.{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Lumpy skin disease: Narendra Singh Tomar launches indigenous vaccine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lumpy-skin-disease-narendra-singh-tomar-launches-indigenous-vaccine-8083364/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}

In 2021, due to the unavailability of a proper (homologous) LSD vaccine, India authorized goatpox (heterologous) vaccine against LSDV in cattle. However, later, experimental trials and several evidences from field suggested that the goatpox vaccine (Uttarkashi strain) does not provide any significant protection against LSD in cattle (Biovet, 2023; Kumar, 2023). Therefore, India developed a homologous live-attenuated LSD vaccine (Lumpi-ProVacInd), which has been extensively tested in the field and has been found to be 100% safe and highly efficacious in cattle against LSD (Kumar et al., 2023a; Kumar and Tripathi, 2022). The vaccine has been commercialized and is likely to replace the existing practice of vaccinating cattle with goatpox vaccine (heterologous vaccine).{{cite web |title=Lumpy skin disease cases begin to fall; 100% cattle vaccinated in Bhiwani, Fatehabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-lumpy-skin-disease-cases-begin-to-fall-100-cattle-vaccinated-in-bhiwani-fatehabad-101663782097135.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Farm varsity lab gets nod for Lumpy Skin Disease testing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/farm-varsity-lab-gets-nod-for-lumpy-skin-disease-testing-101663959566899.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan Times}}

Public statements and explanations have been made related to the disease not impacting humans, and the impact of the disease on milk or meat.{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |agency=PTI |title=Safe to consume milk from Lumpy Skin Disease-infected cattle, says IVRI official |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/sep/14/safe-to-consume-milk-from-lumpy-skin-disease-infected-cattle-says-ivri-official-2498151.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Yusra |date=2022-09-25 |title=Lumpy Skin Disease: Are we staring at a milk drought in Maharashtra? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/maharashtra-ready-for-milk-shake-23247357 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mid-day |language=en |quote=The FAO states that "Lumpy Skin Disease does not affect humans"}} This includes statements by the Maharashtra animal husbandry commissioner,{{Cite web |last=Devikar |first=Namrata |date=2022-09-13 |title=Amid rumours discouraging milk consumption, Lumpy Skin Disease can't be transmitted to humans: govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/amid-rumours-discouraging-milk-consumption-lumpy-skin-disease-can-t-be-transmitted-to-humans-govt-101663090962372.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}} an Indian Council of Medical Research scientist, a joint director of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, and head of department of veterinary medicine at a university in Punjab.{{Cite web |last=Toppo |first=Abha |date=10 August 2022 |title=How Farmers Can Protect Their Cattle from Lumpy Skin Disease? Expert Tips Inside |url=https://krishijagran.com/animal-husbandry/how-farmers-can-protect-their-cattle-from-lumpy-skin-disease-expert-tips-inside/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Krishi Jagran}}

• {{Citation |last1=Roche |first1=X |title=Introduction and spread of lumpy skin disease in South, East and Southeast Asia |date=2020 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb1892en/cb1892en.pdf |work=FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 183 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |display-authors=4 |last2=Rozstalnyy |first2=A |last3=TagoPacheco |first3=D |last4=Kamata |first4=A |last5=Pittiglio |first5=C |last6=Alcrudo |first6=DB |last7=Bisht |first7=K |last8=Karki |first8=S |last9=Kayamori |first9=J|last10=Larfaoui| first10=F|last11=Raizman| first11=E|last12=VonDobschuetz|first12=S|last13=Dhingra|first13=MS|last14=Sumption|first14=K}}
• {{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |others=Attaché Report (GAIN) |title=India: Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Raises Alarm |url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/india-outbreak-lumpy-skin-disease-cattle-raises-alarm-cattle-rearing-communities-state-gujarat |website=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service}}

;Journals

• {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Tania |last2=Patial |first2=Vanita |last3=Bali |first3=Diksha |last4=Angaria |first4=Shivani |last5=Sharma |first5=Mandeep |last6=Chahota |first6=Rajesh |display-authors=3 |date=2020 |title=A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1 |journal=Veterinary Research Communications |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3–4 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1 |pmid=32857262 |s2cid=221359743 |issn=0165-7380}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Naveen |last2=Chander |first2=Yogesh |last3=Kumar |first3=Ram |last4=Khandelwal |first4=Nitin |last5=Riyesh |first5=Thachamvally |last6=Chaudhary |first6=Khushboo |last7=Shanmugasundaram |first7=Karuppusamy |last8=Kumar |first8=Sanjit |last9=Kumar |first9=Anand |last10=Gupta |first10=Madhurendu K. |last11=Pal |first11=Yash |last12=Barua |first12=Sanjay |last13=Tripathi |first13=Bhupendra N. |date=2021-01-11 |editor-last=Roques |editor-first=Pierre |title=Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e0241022 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0241022 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7799759 |pmid=33428633|doi-access=free }}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Azeem |first1=Shahan |last2=Sharma |first2=Banshi |last3=Shabir |first3=Shafqat |last4=Akbar |first4=Haroon |last5=Venter |first5=Estelle |date=2022 |title=Lumpy skin disease is expanding its geographic range: A challenge for Asian livestock management and food security |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023321001805 |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |volume=279 |pages=105785 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105785|pmid=34915159 |s2cid=245183135 |hdl=2263/83431 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Sethi |first1=Rajesh Kumar |last2=Senapati |first2=Santosh Kumar |last3=Selim |first3=Ahmed Magdy |last4=Acharya |first4=Aditya Prasad |last5=Mishra |first5=Chinmoy |last6=Das |first6=Manoranjan |last7=Hegazy |first7=Yamen Mohammed |last8=Biswal |first8=Shuvranshu Shekhar |date=2022 |title=Molecular epidemiology of lumpy skin disease outbreak in Odisha, India |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11259-022-09886-8 |journal=Veterinary Research Communications |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=711–717 |doi=10.1007/s11259-022-09886-8 |pmid=35459980 |s2cid=248345692 |issn=0165-7380}}

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