lyre arm
{{short description|Design motif emulating the shape of a lyre}}
Image:Federalperiodamsofa.jpg sofa with lyre arm design circa 1790]]
A lyre arm is an element of design in furniture, architecture and the decorative arts, wherein a shape is employed to emulate the geometry of a lyre;[http://www.ruddfurniture.com/pages/glossary.html On-line furniture glossary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115312/http://www.ruddfurniture.com/pages/glossary.html |date=2007-09-28 }} the original design of this element is from the Classical Greek period, simply reflecting the stylistic design of the musical instrument. One of the earliest uses extant of the lyre design in the Christian era is a 6th-century AD gravestone with lyre design in double volute form.Archaic Attic Gravestones, Gisela Marie Augusta Richter, 1944, Oberlin College Press In a furniture context, the design is often associated with a scrolling effect of the arms of a chair or sofa. The lyre arm design arises in many periods of furniture, including Neoclassical schools and in particular the American Federal Period and the Victorian era. Well known designers who employed this stylistic element include the noted New York City furniture designer Duncan Phyfe.American Furniture And Decoration Colonial And Federal. Edward Stratton Holloway, Kessinger Publishing (1928)
The term lyre chair is a closely associated design element also originating in motif from the Greek Classical period and appearing often in chair backs starting circa 1700 AD. In the lyre chair, the splat features a pair of single lyre scrolls with bilateral symmetry. This particular splat chair back was a favourite motif employed by the well known English furniture designer Thomas Sheraton.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&dq=lyre+furniture&pg=PA297 Colonial Furniture in America, Luke Vincent Lockwood, Scribner Publishers (1901)] Sometimes a chair of this design is called a lyre back chair.
In musical apparatus
File:1836 montal l'art d'accorder title page.png
Not surprisingly the lyre motif has been used through history as an element of music stand and other musical appurtenance design. Perhaps most commonly the lyre design has been used for centuries as the backing of sheet music stands.[https://books.google.com/books?id=R4hylEpE6qkC&dq=%22lyre+music+stand&pg=PA55 Dolls' House Shops, Cafes & Restaurants By Jean Nisbett, 2005, Guild of Master Craftsmen Publications Limited, East Sussex, England] As an example of the lyre design in other musical furniture, one highly ornate piano described in the 1902 catalog of the collection of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art was depicted as: "having in the centre a lyre supporting the pedals"."Musical Instruments of all Nations", Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y., 1902
Other use of the lyre design
Beyond the use of the lyre design in chairs, this motif is common in other decorative applications for furniture and other contents' accessories. In prehistoric Celtic design, the lyre is present in a number of works including a well preserved scabbard found in Antrim, Northern Ireland and now preserved in the Ulster Museum;Prehistoric Art in Europe, Nancy K. Sandars, 1968, Penguin Books this artifact has a bilaterally symmetric double lyre design. For example, in the Empire Period the lyre was commonly applied to mirrors, especially in the American Federal Period. In London in the late 18th century, Thomas Sheraton illustrated the lyre design for use in table supports.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&dq=lyre+furniture&pg=PA297 Colonial Furniture in America, Luke Vincent Lockwood, p 240, Scribner Publishers (1901)] Another example of lyre supports in a table design is illustrated in History Of Furniture: Ancient to 19th Century, showing a small ebony table.History Of Furniture: Ancient to 19th Century, Michael Huntley, Sterling Publishing, 2003 Lockwood also documents that Sheraton enjoyed using a painted form of the lyre on furniture elements as decoration. Lockwood further illustrates a lyre supported games table from circa 1820 believed to have been produced by Duncan Phyfe.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9FYvAAAAMAAJ&dq=lyre+furniture&pg=PA297 Colonial Furniture in America, Luke Vincent Lockwood, p. 244, Scribner Publishers (1901)]
In fiction
Numerous references exist to the lyre arm or lyre chair in fictional literature, the lyre design being associated with historical splendour and opulent living circumstances. In the noted artist Honoré Daumier's work Emportez donc ca plus loin an emancipated woman appears (illustrated within the work) in a lyre shaped chair by a cabriole leg desk at work while her husband minds the couple's child.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-175kS3j87gC&dq=lyre+chair&pg=PA83 The Woman of Ideas in French Art, 1830-1848 By Janis Bergman-Carton, 1995, Yale University Press] In a further example in the Irish Manor House Murder reference is made to an expensive "Renaissance lyre chair" in the context of a very fine piece of furniture.The Irish Manor House Murder By Dicey Deere, 2001, St. Martins Press In another instance the lyre chair design was used to evoke period opulence in a parlour scene of The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories;The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Penguin Classics (1999) in that scene one of the characters sank into a lyre chair in the presence of other fine period furnishings including a Chippendale table.
In modern literature the lyre chair is sometimes referenced outside its context of classical furniture merely as the backdrop to a scene description as in the novel Le Tournesol,Le Tournesol, Thérèse de Saint-Phalle, p. 72, 1972, Larousse Harrap Publishers where a sensuous sequence unfolds: "She tossed her underclothing onto the lyre chair, pulled down the bedspread, slipped into bed, stretched out for the light switch and curled into the tepid darkness of her covers."
File:1793 Sheraton ladies work-table (left).png|Ladies work-table with two lyre-stands, from Sheraton's 1793 supplement to The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book
File:1811LondonCabinetmakersUnionBOP plate3figs8,9,10.svg|Lyre-shaped pillars for tables from the 1811 London Cabinetmakers Union Book of Prices
File:1829Chairmakers 2ndsupp pl1fig11.svg|Lyre-shaped "bannister" for a music chair from the 1827 supplement to the London Chair-Makers' and Carvers' Book of Prices
File:1829Chairmakers supp pl9 no1,3,4.svg|Grecian sofa with plain, swept and scroll ended swept arms from the 1827 supplement to the London Chair-Makers' and Carvers' Book of Prices
See also
References
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External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010114923/http://www.thecharlesstewart.com/ottoa.html The Charles Stewart Website - Lyre Arm Tufted Bench]
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