maltose

Maltose was discovered by Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut, although this discovery was not widely accepted until it was confirmed in 1872 by Irish chemist and brewer Cornelius O'Sullivan.{{cite journal|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Cornelius|title=XXI.?On the transformation-products of starch|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society|date=1872|volume=25|pages=579–588|doi=10.1039/JS8722500579|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1872/JS/js8722500579|access-date=11 December 2014}} Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix '-ose' which is used in names of sugars.

Carbohydrates are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar subunits. Maltose, with two sugar units, is a disaccharide, which falls under oligosaccharides. Glucose is a hexose: a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms. The two glucose units are in the pyranose form and are joined by an O-glycosidic bond, with the first carbon (C₁) of the first glucose linked to the fourth carbon (C₄) of the second glucose, indicated as (1→4). The link is characterized as α because the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C₁) is in the opposite plane from the {{chem|C|H|2|O|H}} substituent in the same ring (C₆ of the first glucose). If the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C₁) were in the same plane as the {{chem|C|H|2|O|H}} substituent, it would be classified as a β(1→4) bond, and the resulting molecule would be cellobiose. The anomeric carbon (C₁) of the second glucose molecule, which is not involved in a glycosidic bond, could be either an α- or β-anomer depending on the bond direction of the attached hydroxyl group relative to the {{chem|C|H|2|O|H}} substituent of the same ring, resulting in either α-maltose or β-maltose.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

An isomer of maltose is isomaltose. This is similar to maltose but instead of a bond in the α(1→4) position, it is in the α(1→6) position, the same bond that is found at the branch points of glycogen and amylopectin.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Like glucose, maltose is a reducing sugar, because the ring of one of the two glucose units can open to present a free aldehyde group; the other one cannot because of the nature of the glycosidic bond. Maltose can be broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Maltose in aqueous solution exhibits mutarotation, because the α and β isomers that are formed by the different conformations of the anomeric carbon have different specific rotations, and in aqueous solutions, these two forms are in equilibrium. Maltose can easily be detected by the Woehlk test or Fearon's test on methylamine.{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10821368/150_Years_Alfred_wohlk.html|title=150 Years Alfred Wöhlk :: Education|website=ChemistryViews|date=6 March 2018 |doi=10.1002/chemv.201800002|author-first1=Klaus|author-last1=Ruppersberg|author-first2=Janet|author-last2=Blankenburg}}

It has a sweet taste, but is only about 30–60% as sweet as sugar, depending on the concentration.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xteiARU46SQC&pg=PA863|title=Food Chemistry|last1=Belitz|first1=H.-D.|last2=Grosch|first2=Werner|last3=Schieberle|first3=Peter|date=2009-01-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540699330|pages=863|language=en}} A 10% solution of maltose is 35% as sweet as sucrose.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db5QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271|title=Optimising Sweet Taste in Foods|last=Spillane|first=W. J.|date=2006-07-17|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=9781845691646|pages=271|language=en}}

Image:Maltose syrup.jpg

Maltose is a malt component, a substance obtained when the grain is softened in water and germinates. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolyzed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcSp015g4X0C&pg=PA45|title=CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition|last=Furia|first=Thomas E.|date=1973-01-02|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849305429|language=en}}

Outside of plants, maltose is also (likely) found in honey.{{Cite book |last=Heard |first=Tim |date=2015-10-30 |title=The Australian Native Bee Book|publisher=Sugarbag Bees|isbn=9780646939971|language=en}}

In humans, maltose is broken down by various maltase enzymes, providing two glucose molecules that can be further processed: either broken down to provide energy, or stored as glycogen. The lack of the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme in humans causes sucrose intolerance, but complete maltose intolerance is extremely rare because there are four different maltase enzymes.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whILjP8XUS4C&pg=PA60|title=Control of Glycogen Metabolism|last1=Whelan|first1=W. J.|last2=Cameron|first2=Margaret P.|date=2009-09-16|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470716885|pages=60|language=en}}

{{Reflist}}

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124215824/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/546maltose.html Maltose], Elmhurst College Virtual Chembook.

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Category:Disaccharides

Category:Starch

Category:Types of sugar

Category:Malt