mangifera indica

Mangifera indica is a large green tree, valued mainly for its fruits, both green and ripe. Approximately 500-1000 varieties have been identified, named, or reported, primarily in India. It can grow up to {{convert|15|-|30|m|abbr=off|-1}} tall[http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Mango.html Flowers of India] with a similar crown width and a trunk circumference of more than {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}.{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=USDA Plant guide, Mangifera indica L. |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_main3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072424/https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_main3.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=USDA, NRCS}} The leaves are simple, shiny and dark green.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |others=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}} The trees take 2-4 years from planting time to first harvest, and can have a productive life of over 50 years.{{cite book |editor-last1= Davison |editor-first1= Julian |date= 1995 |title= Fruit of Indonesia |location= Jakarta |publisher= PT Mekar Unggul Sari |page=47 |isbn= 981-3018-11-9}}

Yellow-white fragrant flowers appear at the end of winter through the beginning of spring, varying with location. Both male and female flowers are borne on the same tree. Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the time of flowering. In South Asia, flowering starts in December in the south, in January in Bengal, in February in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and in February–March in northern India. The duration of flowering is 20–25 days for the Dasheri variety, while panicle emergence occurs in early December and flower opening is completed by February. The Neelum variety produces two crops a year in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, but it flowers only once in North Indian conditions.[http://mango-trees.blogspot.in/2009/05/flowering-of-mango.html Flowering of mango]

The mango is an irregular, egg-shaped fruit which is a fleshy drupe. Mangos are typically {{convert|8-12|cm|abbr=off|0}} long and greenish yellow in color. The fruits can be round, oval, heart, or kidney shaped. Mango fruits are green when they are unripe. The interior flesh is bright orange and soft with a large, flat pit in the middle. Mangos are mature in April and May. Raw mangos can be used in the making of pickles and chutneys.{{Cite news |last=Khaleeli |first=Homa |date=2013-10-22 |title=A global guide to pickles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/22/guide-pickles-kimchi-achar-torshi-recipe |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Ripe mangos are a popular fruit throughout the world. The skin and pulp account for 85% of the mango's weight, and the remaining 15% comes from the stone (seed).[http://www.seaofindia.com/publcations SEA Hand Book 2009, Solvent Extractors' Association Of India]

Mangiferin (a pharmacologically active hydroxylated xanthone C-glycoside) is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves (172 g/kg), bark (107 g/kg), and from old leaves (94 g/kg).{{Cite journal |last1=Barreto J.C. |last2=Trevisan M.T.S. |last3=Hull W.E. |last4=Erben G. |last5=De Brito E.S. |last6=Pfundstein B. |last7=Würtele G. |last8=Spiegelhalder B. |last9=Owen R.W. |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.) |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–5610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692|bibcode=2008JAFC...56.5599B }} Allergenic urushiols are present in the fruit peel.[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7485 Urushiol CASRN: 53237-59-5] TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network) NLM (NIH). Retrieved 22 January 2014.

Mangoes are believed to have originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, eastern and northeastern India. M. indica were domesticated separately in South Asia and Southeast Asia over centuries, resulting in two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes{{Snd}}the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".{{Cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |date=20 April 2017 |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |pages=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmc=5397511 |pmid=28473837 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |date=June 2019 |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W }}

The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1753.{{GRIN|access-date=October 8, 2009}}

Since their domestication in southeastern Asia, mangoes have been introduced to other warm regions of the world. Generally, mango trees can withstand a minimum temperature of {{convert|17|F|C}}.{{PLANTS |symbol=MAIN3 |taxon=Mangifera indica |access-date=7 August 2024}}

The tree grows best in well-drained sandy loam; it does not grow well in heavy wet soils. The optimal pH of the soil should be between 5.2 and 7.5.

{{main|List of mango cultivars}}

Urushiols in the fruit peel can trigger contact dermatitis in sensitised individuals. This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the family Anacardiaceae, such as poison oak and poison ivy, which are widespread in the United States.

The wood is known to produce phenolic substances that can cause contact dermatitis.{{Cite book |last=Tu |first=Anthony T. |title=Handbook of natural toxins |date=1983 |publisher=Dekker |isbn=0824718933 |location=New York |page=425}}

{{Main|Mango}}

The tree is more known for its fruit rather than for its timber. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit-bearing lifespan has finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects.{{Cite web |title=Mango |url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111123922/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=The Wood Database}} The wood is used for musical instruments such as ukuleles, plywood and low-cost furniture.{{Cite web |title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica |url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/ |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Green Clean Guide}}

The bark is used to produce a yellow dye.{{Cite web |title=Yellow dyes |url=http://www.asiantextilestudies.com/yellow.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=asiantextilestudies.com}}

The mango is the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and is the national tree of Bangladesh.{{Cite web |date=15 November 2010 |title=Mango tree, national tree |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |access-date=16 November 2013 |last1=Com |first1=Bdnews24 }}

File:Mangifera indica 1z.jpg|Young mango tree

File:Mangifera indica 2z .jpg|Mature mango tree

File:Mango tree - Dadaga.jpg|Tree with unripe fruits

Image:Mangifera indica inflorescence.jpg|Mango flowers

Image:Small baby mangoes from West Bengal, India.jpg|Baby mangoes

File:Mangos - single and halved.jpg|Indian type mango, cut

File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|Typical South Asian mangoes

File:Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|Typical Southeast Asian mangoes

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Litz, Richard E. (ed. 2009). The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses (2nd edition). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}.

• {{Commons inline|Mangifera indica}}
• {{Wikispecies inline}}
• {{Cookbook inline|Mango}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm Crop of the Day: Mango, Mangifera indica] has a list of helpful resources about this species.

{{Mangoes}}

{{Anacardiaceae genera}}

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indica

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Flora of Assam (region)

Category:Flora of Myanmar

Category:National symbols of India

Category:National symbols of Pakistan

Category:National symbols of Bangladesh

Category:Flora of Maharashtra

Category:Fruit trees

Category:Trees in Buddhism

Category:Symbols of Gujarat

Category:Symbols of Maharashtra