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markup (business)

{{short description|Difference between the cost and the selling price of a good or service}}

{{About||the US legislative term |Markup (legislation)|other uses|Markup (disambiguation){{!}}Markup}}

Markup (or price spread) is the difference between the selling price of a good or service and its marginal cost.{{Cite journal |last=Syverson |first=Chad |date=2025 |title=Markups and Markdowns |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-081624-080143 |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-081624-080143|url-access=subscription }} In economics, markups are the most direct way to measure market power: the extent to which a firm can influence the price at which it sells a product or service.

Markup is often expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added into the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product.{{cite book|last=Pradhan|first=Swapna|title=Retailing Management|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-062020-9}} Markup can be expressed as the fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv6SKu85cIUC&pg=PA601|title=Ornamental Horticulture: Science, Operations, & Management|last=Ingels|first=Jack|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4354-9816-7|pages=601}} Retail markup is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price, as a percentage of wholesale. Other methods are also used.

Markdowns refer to the ability of a firm to hold the price it pays for an input below the input's marginal product.

Price determination

=Profit=

  • Assume: Sale price is 2500, Product cost is 1800

:Profit = Sale price − CostFarris P.W., Bendle N.T., Pfeifer P.E. and Reibstein D.J. (2010). Marketing metrics : The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance, Pearson Education.

:700 = 2500 − 1800

=Markup=

Below shows markup as a percentage of the cost added to the cost to create a new total (i.e. cost plus).

  • Cost × (1 + Markup) = Sale price

:or solved for Markup = (Sale price / Cost) − 1

:or solved for Markup = (Sale price − Cost) / Cost

  • Assume the sale price is $1.99 and the cost is $1.40

:Markup = ($1.99 / 1.40) − 1 = 42%

:or Markup = ($1.99 − $1.40) / $1.40 = 42%

:Sale price − Cost = Sale price × Profit margin

:therefore Profit Margin = (Sale price − Cost) / Sale price

:Margin = 1 − (1 / (Markup + 1))

:or Margin = Markup/(Markup + 1)

:Margin = 1 − (1 / (1 + 0.42)) = 29.5%

:or Margin = ($1.99 − $1.40) / $1.99 = 29.6%

A different method of calculating markup is based on percentage of selling price. This method eliminates the two-step process above and incorporates the ability of discount pricing.

  • For instance cost of an item is 75.00 with 25% markup discount.

:75.00/(1 − .25) = 75.00/.75 = 100.00

Comparing the two methods for discounting:

  • 75.00 × (1 + .25) = 93.75 sale price with a 25% discount

:93.75 × (1 − .25) = 93.75 × .75 = 70.31(25)

:cost was 75.00 and if sold for 70.31 both the markup and the discount is 25%

  • 75.00 /(1 − .25) = 100.00 sale price with a 25% discount

:100.00 × (1 − .25) = 100.00 × .75 = 75.00

:cost was 75.00 and if sold for 75.00 both the profit margin and the discount is 25%

These examples show the difference between adding a percentage of a number to a number and asking of what number is this number X% of. If the markup has to include more than just profit, such as overhead, it can be included as such:

  • cost × 1.25 = sale price

or

  • cost / .75 = sale price

=Aggregate supply framework=

P = (1+μ) W. Where μ is the markup over costs. This is the pricing equation.

W = F(u,z) Pe . This is the wage setting relation. u is unemployment which negatively affects wages and z the catch all variable positively affects wages.

:Sub the wage setting into the price setting to get the aggregate supply curve.

P = Pe(1+μ) F(u,z). This is the aggregate supply curve. Where the price is determined by expected price, unemployment and z the catch all variable.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Category:Pricing

Category:Profit

External links

To calculate official website markup [https://markupcalculator.net/ Markup Calculator.net]