mastoidectomy

Historically, trephination was used to potentially relieve intracranial pressures or build-up of pus, with records dating back to pre-historic times.{{Cite journal |last=Mudry |first=A |date=June 2009 |title=History of instruments used for mastoidectomy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022215109004484/type/journal_article |journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology |language=en |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=583–589 |doi=10.1017/S0022215109004484 |pmid=19152723 |issn=0022-2151|url-access=subscription }} Over time, these became formalized as mastoidectomies. Mastoidectomies were used to treat infections such as otitis media, or abnormal skin cell growth near the middle ear. Over time, they were adapted to help treat hearing issues such as tinnitus.{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Matthew L. |date=2019-02-01 |title=The History of Otologic Surgery at Mayo Clinic, 1883 to Present |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619618308577 |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |language=English |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=e19–e33 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.020 |issn=0025-6196 |pmid=30711141}}

Mastoidectomies have also been used in the modern practice of placing cochlear implants.{{Cite web |last=Stocker |first=Scott |title=Cochlear Implant Surgery |url=https://otosurgeryatlas.stanford.edu/otologic-surgery-atlas/cochlear-implantation/cochlear-implant-surgery/#iLightbox%5Bgallery_image_1%5D/2 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Oto Surgery Atlas |language=en-US}} Additionally, mastoidectomies are occasionally performed with tympanoplasties to fix the tympanic membrane.{{Cite journal |last1=Eliades |first1=Steven J. |last2=Limb |first2=Charles J. |date=July 2013 |title=The role of mastoidectomy in outcomes following tympanic membrane repair: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.23752 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=123 |issue=7 |pages=1787–1802 |doi=10.1002/lary.23752 |issn=0023-852X}}

The following are possible complications from mastoidectomy procedures:

• Temporary or permanent hearing loss, tinnitus{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Sardar U. |last2=Tewary |first2=Rajesh K. |last3=O'Sullivan |first3=Timothy J. |date=2014 |title=Modified radical mastoidectomy and its complications--12 years' experience |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24817239 |journal=Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal |volume=93 |issue=4–5 |pages=E30–36 |issn=1942-7522 |pmid=24817239}}
• Facial nerve damage
• Dizziness or vertigo
• Taste changes
• Dural injury
• Cerebrospinal fluid leakage
• Intracranial complications{{Cite journal |last1=Migirov |first1=Lela |last2=Eyal |first2=Ana |last3=Kronenberg |first3=Jona |date=2004 |title=Intracranial Complications following Mastoidectomy |url=https://karger.com/PNE/article/doi/10.1159/000082296 |journal=Pediatric Neurosurgery |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=226–229 |doi=10.1159/000082296 |pmid=15689642 |issn=1016-2291|url-access=subscription }} such as brain abscess, subdural empyema, sigmoid sinus hemorrhage

In 2018, the International Otology Outcome Group agreed on guidelines defining different mastoidectomies.{{Cite journal |title=International Otology Outcome Group and the International Consensus on the Categorization of Tympanomastoid Surgery |url=https://advancedotology.org//en/international-otology-outcome-group-and-the-international-consensus-on-the-categorization-of-tympanomastoid-surgery-131248 |access-date=2024-12-12 |journal=The Journal of International Advanced Otology |date=2018 |language=en |doi=10.5152/iao.2018.5553 |pmc=6354466 |pmid=30100547 |last1=Yung |first1=Matthew |last2=James |first2=Adrian |last3=Merkus |first3=Paul |last4=Philips |first4=John |last5=Black |first5=Bruce |last6=Tono |first6=Tetsuya |last7=Linder |first7=Thomas |last8=Dornhoffer |first8=John |last9=Incesulu |first9=Armagan |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=216–226 }} Before this, there was discourse on the proper classifications of the procedure.{{Cite journal |last1=Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands |last2=Merkus |first2=Paul |last3=Kemp |first3=Pieter |last4=Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands |last5=Ziylan |first5=Fuat |last6=Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands |last7=Yung |first7=Matthew |last8=Department of Otolaryngology, East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Heath Road, Suffolk, United Kingdom |date=2018-08-16 |title=Classifications of Mastoid and Middle Ear Surgery: A Scoping Review |url=https://advancedotology.org//en/classifications-of-mastoid-and-middle-ear-surgery-a-scoping-review-131226 |journal=The Journal of International Advanced Otology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=227–232 |doi=10.5152/iao.2018.5570|pmid=30100541 }}

Under the 2018 guidelines, there are the following types of mastoidectomy:{{Cite journal |title=International Otology Outcome Group and the International Consensus on the Categorization of Tympanomastoid Surgery |url=https://advancedotology.org//en/international-otology-outcome-group-and-the-international-consensus-on-the-categorization-of-tympanomastoid-surgery-131248 |access-date=2024-12-12 |journal=The Journal of International Advanced Otology |date=2018 |language=en |doi=10.5152/iao.2018.5553 |pmc=6354466 |pmid=30100547 |last1=Yung |first1=Matthew |last2=James |first2=Adrian |last3=Merkus |first3=Paul |last4=Philips |first4=John |last5=Black |first5=Bruce |last6=Tono |first6=Tetsuya |last7=Linder |first7=Thomas |last8=Dornhoffer |first8=John |last9=Incesulu |first9=Armagan |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=216–226 }}

Also known as schwartze procedure or cortical mastoidectomy or canal wall up

• M1a: Mastoidectomy with preserved canal wall
• M1b: Mastoidectomy with preserved canal wall and posterior tympanotomy

Also known as canal wall down

• M2a: Mastoidectomy with only scutum removal, with tympanic membrane left intact (atticomy)
• M2b: Mastoidectomy with scutum and postero-superior wall removal (attico-anstrostomy)
• M2c: Mastoidectomy with complete canal wall removal and mastoid and middle ear exteriorization (modified radical mastoidectomy/Bondy's procedure{{Cite web |last=Stocker |first=Scott |title=Retrograde Technique |url=https://otosurgeryatlas.stanford.edu/otologic-surgery-atlas/cholesteatoma/retrograde-technique/# |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Oto Surgery Atlas |language=en-US}} or radical mastoidectomy)

Used for

• M3a: Mastoidectomy with subtotal pectrosectomy and otic capsule preserved

• M3b: Mastoidectomy with subtotal pectrosectomy and otic capsule removed

Additionally, there are mixed categories, such as M1a+2a and M1b+2a. There is a slight distinction between M2c and M3a in that M3a removes the eardrum before pre auricular pit and cavity closure and blocks the tympanic opening of the Eustachian tube.

After the invention of endoscopic transcanal ear surgery by Muaaz Tarabichi, the usage of this procedure has decreased significantly.{{Cite journal |last1=Kapadiya |first1=Mustafa |last2=Tarabichi |first2=Muaaz |date=2019 |title=An overview of endoscopic ear surgery in 2018 |journal=Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=365–373 |doi=10.1002/lio2.276 |issn=2378-8038 |pmc=6580051 |pmid=31236473}}

File:"De_Sanitate_tuenda",_Galen,_1517_Wellcome_L0003071.jpg

Greek physician Galen (AD 129-217) was the first to write in his treatise Hygiene (Italian: De Sanitate Tuenda, English: On the Preservation of Health) about ear discharge being a natural secretion form the brain, and the importance of permitting drainage of such fluid.{{Cite web |title=APA PsycNet |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-02423-000 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240419125914/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-02423-000 |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=psycnet.apa.org |language=en}}

The first potential documented case of a mastoidectomy procedure was recorded in 1524 by Lucas van Leyden as an incision behind the right ear. Abscess drainage was popularized by Adam Politzer, considered to be one of the founders of otology and initially interpreted Galen's writings on ear discharge to mean that Galen removed infected mastoid regions.{{Cite journal |last=Brugsch |first=S. H. |date=December 1873 |title=Altägyptologischer Beitrag zur Geschichte der Ohrenheilkunde |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01803968 |journal=Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=53–54 |doi=10.1007/bf01803968 |issn=0937-4477}} However, this may have been deliberately misrepresented to justify mastoidectomy procedures to more conservative audiences.{{Cite journal |last=Mudry |first=Albert |date=February 2021 |title=History of Mastoidectomy: PubMed, Best Matches, Secondary References, and Inaccuracies |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MAO.0000000000002802 |journal=Otology & Neurotology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=341–344 |doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002802 |pmid=33443361 |issn=1531-7129|url-access=subscription }}File:The_Surgeon.jpgAdditionally, there is controversy whether French physician Ambroise Paré was the first to describe a surgical procedure draining an infected ear of Francis II of France in 1560.{{Cite journal |last1=Moberly |first1=Aaron C. |last2=Fritsch |first2=Michael H. |date=2010 |title=The Evolution of Mastoidectomy and Tympanoplasty |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.21680 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=120 |issue=S4 |pages=S213 |doi=10.1002/lary.21680 |pmid=21225811 |issn=1531-4995|url-access=subscription }} Recent studies have shown how there is lack of documentation of this event by French historian Louis Régnier de la Planch, and also lack of mention in Paré's own writings.

Credit for the first mastoidectomy to remove abscesses is attributed to Jean-Louis Petit in the 18th century.{{Cite journal |last1=Bento |first1=Ricardo Ferreira |last2=Fonseca |first2=Anna Carolina de Oliveira |date=April 2013 |title=A brief history of mastoidectomy |journal=International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=168–178 |doi=10.7162/S1809-97772013000200009 |issn=1809-9777 |pmc=4423283 |pmid=25992009}} However soon after this, the procedure fell out of popularity in the 18th century after the death of Justus von Berger in 1791.{{Cite journal |last=Mudry |first=Albert |date=July 2019 |title=From Mid 16th Century French Court to End 18th Century Danish Court: The Fatal Power of the Mammillary Process |url=https://journals.lww.com/00129492-201907000-00035 |journal=Otology & Neurotology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=836–842 |doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002230 |issn=1531-7129|url-access=subscription }} von Berger, the court physician of Christian VII, died 13 days after a mastoidectomy attempt to fix his right-sided deafness.

File:Hermann Schwartze.jpg

The mastoidectomy was revitalized in 1873 following the publication, Ueber die künstliche Eröffnung des Warzenfortsatzes (English: “On the artificial opening of the mastoid process”), written by Hermann Schwartze and his assistant Adolf Eysell.{{Cite journal |last1=Mudry |first1=Albert |last2=Plontke |first2=Stefan K. |date=2024-03-01 |title=150 years ago: Schwartze's 1873 mastoidectomy and its implementation over the following 2 years |journal=HNO |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1007/s00106-023-01418-3 |issn=1433-0458 |pmc=10879216 |pmid=38289500}} In the publication, Schwartze made several recommendations on modernizing the procedure, including replacing older instruments and a new surgical technique. This procedure, using a chisel and gouge, is now credited as the "modern mastoid operation" or Schwartze operation.{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartze |last2=Eysell |date=1873-12-01 |title=Ueber die künstliche Eröffnung des Warzenfortsatzes |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01803976 |journal=Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde |language=de |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–162 |doi=10.1007/BF01803976 |issn=1434-4726}} Published in the oldest and most known otolaryngology journal of the time, Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde, the publication became widely disseminated and referenced.{{Cite journal |last=Mudry |first=Albert |date=2015-06-01 |title=What generated the creation of the Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde, the predecessor of this journal, 150 years ago? |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-015-3512-1 |journal=European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology |language=en |volume=272 |issue=6 |pages=1341–1345 |doi=10.1007/s00405-015-3512-1 |pmid=25680345 |issn=1434-4726|url-access=subscription }}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Mohammed Abdel Tawab H, Mahmoud Gharib F, Algarf TM, ElSharkawy LS | title = Myringoplasty with and without Cortical Mastoidectomy in Treatment of Non-cholesteatomatous Chronic Otitis Media: A Comparative Study | journal = Clinical Medicine Insights. Ear, Nose and Throat | volume = 7 | pages = 19–23 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25187749 | pmc = 4133034 | doi = 10.4137/CMENT.S17980 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Sun JQ, Sun JW, Hou XY, Bie YZ, Chen JW | title = Using autogenous mastoid cortical bone cap to cover the mastoidectomy defect during cochlear implantation | journal = International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 419–22 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25631936 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.01.006 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Albu S, Trabalzini F, Amadori M | title = Usefulness of cortical mastoidectomy in myringoplasty | journal = Otology & Neurotology | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 604–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22588236 | doi = 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31825368f2 | s2cid = 40580370 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Vadiya S, Kedia A | title = Atticotomy, Attic Reconstruction, Tympanoplasty with or Without Ossiculoplasty, Canal Plasty and Cortical Mastoidectomy as Part of Intact Canal Wall Technique for Attic Cholesteatoma | journal = Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–31 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26075165 | pmc = 4460109 | doi = 10.1007/s12070-015-0821-z }}
• {{cite book | vauthors = Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH, etal | title = Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. | edition = 4th | location = St Louis, Mo | publisher = Mosby | date = 2005 | pages = 3019–20 }}

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Category:Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

Category:Ear surgery

Category:Otorhinolaryngology

Category:Otology

Category:Skull

Category:Human head and neck