mechanical testing
{{Short description|Application of forces or torques to a material or structure to determine its mechanical properties}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types:
- those that aim to determine a material's mechanical properties, independent of geometry.{{cite journal | doi=10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2018 | title=Differential biomechanical properties of mouse distal colon and rectum innervated by the splanchnic and pelvic afferents | year=2019 | last1=Siri | first1=Saeed | last2=Maier | first2=Franz | last3=Chen | first3=Longtu | last4=Santos | first4=Stephany | last5=Pierce | first5=David M. | last6=Feng | first6=Bin | journal=American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology | volume=316 | issue=4 | pages=G473–G481 | pmid=30702901 | pmc=6483024 }}
- those that determine the response of a structure to a given action, e.g. testing of composite beams, aircraft structures to destruction, etc.
Mechanical testing of materials
File:Eprouvette plate cassee wb.JPG, from which a number of mechanical properties can be measured.]]
There exists a large number of tests, many of which are standardized, to determine the various mechanical properties of materials. In general, such tests set out to obtain geometry-independent properties; i.e. those intrinsic to the bulk material. In practice this is not always feasible, since even in tensile tests, certain properties can be influenced by specimen size and/or geometry. Here is a listing of some of the most common tests:Ed. Gale, W.F.; Totemeier, T.C. (2004), Smithells Metals Reference Book (8th Edition), Elsevier
- Hardness Testing
- Vickers hardness test (HV), which has one of the widest scales
- Brinell hardness test (HB)
- Knoop hardness test (HK), for measurement over small areas
- Janka hardness test, for wood
- Meyer hardness test
- Rockwell hardness test (HR), principally used in the USA
- Shore durometer hardness, used for polymers
- Barcol hardness test, for composite materials
- Tensile testing, used to obtain the stress-strain curve for a material, and from there, properties such as Young modulus, yield (or proof) stress, tensile stress and % elongation to failure.
- Impact testing
- Izod test
- Charpy test
- Fracture toughness testing
- Linear-elastic (KIc)
- K–R curve
- Elastic plastic (JIc, CTOD)
- Creep Testing, for the mechanical behaviour of materials at high temperatures (relative to their melting point)
- Fatigue Testing, for the behaviour of materials under cyclic loading
- Load-controlled smooth specimen tests
- Strain-controlled smooth specimen tests
- Fatigue crack growth testing
- Non-Destructive Testing
References
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General references
- {{Citation | last = Foster | first = P. Field | title = The Mechanical Testing of Metals and Alloys | publisher = Read Books | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NFBQuCMXzbEC | isbn = 978-1406734799 | postscript =.}}
- {{Citation | last = American Society for Metals | title = ASM Handbook Volume 8: Mechanical Testing and Evaluation | publisher = American Society for Metals | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fdU6AQAAIAAJ | isbn = 978-0871703897 | postscript =.}}
- {{Citation | last = Fenner | first = Arthur J. | title = Mechanical Testing of Materials (International monographs on materials science and technology) | publisher = Newnes | year = 1965 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HLhRAAAAMAAJ | asin = B0000CMMOM | postscript =.}}
- {{Citation | last = Foster | first = P. Field | title = The Mechanical Testing of Metals and Alloys | publisher = Read Books | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NFBQuCMXzbEC | isbn = 978-1406734799 | postscript =.}}
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