medusavirus
{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}
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| image = D41586-019-00591-2 16487572 Medusavirus edit.jpg
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| image_caption = 3D reconstruction of the "Medusavirus" particle showcases its thousands of external spikes
| taxon = Medusavirus
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Medusavirus is a genus of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses that is the sole representative of Mamonoviridae (from mamono ({{Nihongo2|魔物}}), the Japanese word for "monster" in reference to Megaviricetes + -viridae). It was first isolated from a Japanese hot spring in 2019.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshikawa G, Blanc-Mathieu R, Song C, Kayama Y, Mochizuki T, Murata K, Ogata H, Takemura M | display-authors = 6 | title = Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 93 | issue = 8 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30728258 | pmc = 6450098 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02130-18 }} It notably encodes all five types of histones — H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 — which are involved in DNA packaging in eukaryotes, raising the possibility that they may have been involved in the origin of eukaryotes. The virus can harden amoebas of the species Acanthamoeba castellanii into stone-like cysts, but infection usually causes infected amoebas to burst open.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/d41586-019-00591-2|title = The giant Medusavirus turns defenceless cells to 'stone'|journal = Nature|volume = 566|issue = 7745|pages = 429|year = 2019|bibcode = 2019Natur.566R.429.|s2cid = 71147268|doi-access = free}} The virus was named after Medusa, the monster in Greek mythology whose gaze turned people to stone.
Taxonomy
Medusavirus is a part of a phylum called Nucleocytoviricota, which is referred as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV). These viruses have a large double-stranded DNA genome and the length of the genome could be more than 100kb. NCLDV infects various eukaryotic hosts such as amoebas.{{cite journal | vauthors = Watanabe R, Song C, Kayama Y, Takemura M, Murata K | title = Particle Morphology of Medusavirus Inside and Outside the Cells Reveals a New Maturation Process of Giant Viruses | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 96 | issue = 7 | pages = e0185321 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35297671 | pmc = 9006890 | doi = 10.1128/jvi.01853-21 | editor-first = Joanna L. | editor-last = Shisler }}
The genus contains two species:{{cite web|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=4 March 2025}}
Morphology
Maturation
Medusaviruses have a unique viral particle maturation process compared to several other viruses. Virus does not form viral factory in the host cytoplasm to replicate the viral genome. The proposed maturation process starts by generating the pseudo-Empty viral particles with the help of scaffold proteins. Then these pseudo-Empty particles release the scaffold proteins and Empty particles are formed. After the release of proteins the Empty particle uptakes the viral DNA near the host nucleus and via semi-Full stages the Full particles are eventually formed.