mid front unrounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ in IPA}}

{{infobox IPA

|above=Mid front unrounded vowel

|ipa symbol=e̞

|ipa symbol2=ɛ̝

|ipa number=302 430

|decimal1=101

|decimal2=798

|x-sampa=e_o

|braille=e

|braille2=6

|braille3=gh

}}

The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound that is used in some spoken languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid {{IPA|[e]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but it is normally written {{angbr IPA|e}}. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as {{angbr IPA|e̞}} or {{angbr IPA|ɛ̝}} (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology, {{angbr|ᴇ}} is sometimes used, for example in the Zhengzhang Shangfang reconstructions or in Chao Yuen Ren Grammar of Spoken Chinese.

For many of the languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (neither close nor open), the vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel and is phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Basque, Spanish, Romanian, Japanese, Turkish, Finnish, Greek, Hejazi Arabic, Serbo-Croatian and Korean (Seoul dialect). A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition. Igbo and Egyptian Arabic, for example, have a close-mid {{IPA|[e]}}, and Bulgarian has an open-mid {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but none of these languages have another phonemic mid front vowel.

Kensiu, spoken in Malaysia and Thailand, is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels, without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.Bishop, N. (1996). [http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology]. Mon-Khmer Studies 25.

Features

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}}	{{lang\|af\|bed}}	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. The height varies between mid {{IPA\|[ɛ̝]}} and close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}} See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	Hejazi{{sfnp\|Abdoh\|2010\|p=84}}	{{lang\|ar\|بـيـت\|rtl=yes}} / bēt	{{IPA\|[be̞ːt]}}	'home'	See Hejazi Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Breton{{sfnp\|Ternes\|1992\|p=433}}	{{example needed\|date=October 2018}}			Possible realization of unstressed {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}; can be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}} instead.{{sfnp\|Ternes\|1992\|p=433}}
Chinese	Mandarin{{sfnp\|Lee\|Zee\|2003\|p=110}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|也}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|yě}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-yě.ogg\|[je̞˨˩˦]\|help=no}}	'also'	See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech	Bohemian{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}}	{{lang\|cs\|led}}	{{IPA\|[lɛ̝̈t]}}	'ice'	Near-front; may be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}} See Czech phonology
Dutch	Some speakers{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}	{{lang\|nl\|zet}}	{{IPA\|[zɛ̝t]}}	'shove' (n.)	Open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} in Standard Dutch.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="7" \| English	Broad New Zealand{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}}	cat	{{IPA\|[kʰɛ̝t]}}	'cat'	Lower in other New Zealand varieties;{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}} corresponds to {{IPAblink\|æ}} in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}	bird	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝̈ːd]}}	'bird'	Near-front; occasional realization of {{IPA\|/ɜː/}}. It can be rounded {{IPAblink\|œ̝ː}} or, more often, unrounded central {{IPAblink\|ɜ̝ː}} instead.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}.
Cultivated New Zealand{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}}	rowspan="2" \| let	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[le̞t]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'let'	Higher in other New Zealand varieties.{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}} See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}	Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} instead. See English phonology
Inland Northern American{{cite web\|last1=Labov\|first1=William\|last2=Ash\|first2=Sharon\|last3=Boberg\|first3=Charles\|date=15 July 1997\|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}	rowspan="2" \| bit	{{IPA\|[bë̞t̚]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'bit'	rowspan="2" \| Near-front,{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}} may be {{IPAblink\|ɪ}} (also {{IPAblink\|ə}} in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See Northern Cities vowel shift
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}	{{IPA\|[bë̞ʔ]}}
Yorkshire{{sfnp\|Roca\|Johnson\|1999\|p=179}}	play	{{IPA\|[ple̞ː]}}	'play'
colspan="2" \| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|pp=368–369}}	{{lang\|et\|sule}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsule̞ˑ]}}	'feather' (gen. sg.)	Common word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=369}} See Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}}	{{lang\|fi\|menen}}	{{IPA\|[ˈme̞ne̞n]}}	'I go'	See Finnish phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Kohler\|1999\|p=87}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{IPA\|[b̥ɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	align=left \| More often described as open-mid front {{IPAblink\|ɛ}}.{{sfnp\|Hall\|2003\|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=34}} See Standard German phonology
Austrian and Swiss	{{lang\|de\|danke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̥aŋkɛ̝]}}	'thanks'	The most common realization of syllable-final {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Krech\|Stock\|Hirschfeld\|Anders\|2009\|p=246}}
Bernese dialect{{sfnp\|Marti\|1985\|p=27}}	{{lang\|gsw\|rède}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrɛ̝d̥ə]}}	'to speak'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Bernese German phonology
Greek	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=28}}{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|p=81}}	{{lang\|el\|πες}} / pes	{{IPA\|[pe̞s̠]}}	'say!'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hebrew{{sfnp\|Laufer\|1999\|p=98}}	{{lang\|he\|כן\|rtl=yes}}/ken	{{IPA\|[ke̞n]}}	'yes'	Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=92}}	{{lang\|hu\|hét}}	{{IPA\|[he̞ːt̪]}}	'seven'	Also described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|eː}}.{{sfnp\|Kráľ\|1988\|p=92}} See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Ibibio{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[sé̞]}}	'look'
colspan="2"\| Icelandic{{sfnp\|Brodersen\|2011}}	{{lang\|is\|kenna}}	{{IPA\|[ˈcʰɛ̝nːä]}}	'to teach'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. The long allophone is often diphthongized to {{IPA\|[eɛ]}}.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=57–60}} See Icelandic phonology
rowspan="2" \| Italian	Standard{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|pp=137–138}}	{{lang\|it\|decidere}}	{{IPA\|[d̪eˈt͡ʃiːd̪eɾe̞]}}	'to believe'	Common realization of the unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|pp=137–138}} See Italian phonology
Northern accents{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|p=137}}	{{lang\|it\|penso}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpe̞ŋso]}}	'I think'	Common realization of {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|p=137}} See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=117}}	{{lang\|ja\|笑み}}/emi	{{Audio-IPA\|ja-emi.ogg\|[e̞mʲi]}}	'smile'	See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Jebero{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Gussenhoven\|2013\|p=101}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ˈiʃë̞k]}}	'bat'	Near-front; possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɘ/}}.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Gussenhoven\|2013\|p=101}}
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|내가}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|naega}}	{{IPA\|[nɛ̝ɡɐː]}}	'I'	Pronunciation of {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \|Latvian{{Sfnp\|Grigorjevs\|Jaroslavienė\|2015\|p=79, 85}} \|{{Lang\|lv\|ēst}} \|{{IPA\|[ê̞ːs̪t̪]}} \|'to eat' \|Typically transcribed in IPA with {{Angbr IPA\|e}}.
rowspan="2" \| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}	{{lang\|li\|bèd}}	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	rowspan="2" \| Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=107}}	{{lang\|li\|zègke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈzɛ̝ɡə]}}	'to say'
Low Saxon	Gelders-Overijssels and DrentsReeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel 1982. H. Entjes.	èèt zie?	{{IPA\|[e̞ːt]}}	'do they eat?'	Only around the border of eten - èten, [e:] vs [ɛ:]
Macedonian	Standard	{{lang\|mk\|мед}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɛd̪]}}	'honey'
Malay \|Standard \|elok \|[e̞ˈlo̞ʔ] \|'good' \|See Malay phonology
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Strandskogen\|1979\|pp=15-16}}{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=13}}	{{lang\|no\|nett}}	{{IPA\|[nɛ̝tː]}}	'net'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=18}}	{{lang\|ro\|fete}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfe̞t̪e̞]}}	'girls'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=41}}	{{lang\|ru\|человек}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k]}}	'human'	Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Kordić\|2006\|p=4}}{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarića\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|тек}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|tek}}	{{IPA\|[t̪ĕ̞k]}}	'only'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak	Standard{{sfnp\|Pavlík\|2004\|pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=375}}	{{lang\|sk\|behať}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɛ̝ɦäc]}}	'to run'	See Slovak phonology
colspan="2" \| Slovene{{cite web\|title=On the vowel system in present-day Slovene\|author=Tatjana Srebot-Rejec\|url=http://nl.ijs.si/isjt98/zbornik/sdjt98-Srebot.pdf}}	{{lang\|sl\|velikan}}	{{IPA\|[ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn]}}	'giant'	Unstressed vowel, as well as an allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}} before {{IPA\|/j/}} when a vowel does not follow within the same word.{{sfnp\|Šuštaršič\|Komar\|Petek\|1999\|p=138}} See Slovene phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{sfnp\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=256}}	{{lang\|es\|bebé}}	{{IPA\|[be̞ˈβ̞e̞]}}	'baby'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|häll}}	{{IPA\|[hɛ̝l̪]\|audio=Sv-häll.ogg}}	'flat rock'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. Many dialects pronounce short {{IPA\|/e/}} and {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} the same. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tera{{sfnp\|Tench\|2007\|p=230}}	{{lang\|ttr\|ze}}	{{IPA\|[zè̞ː]}}	'spoke'
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|tr\|ev}}	{{IPA\|[e̞v]}}	'house'	See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Upper Sorbian{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=34}}	{{lang\|hsb\|njebjo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈn̠ʲɛ̝bʲɔ]}}	'sky'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding {{IPA\|/j/}} in both cases.{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=34}}
colspan="2" \| Yoruba{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}	{{example needed\|date=October 2015}}			Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ̃}}. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ\|ɛ̃}} instead.{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Abdoh

|first=Eman Mohammed

|year=2010

|title=A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic

|url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/10221/1/2011abdohemaphd.pdf

|access-date=2017-04-05

|archive-date=2018-11-01

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101190952/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/10221/1/2011abdohemaphd.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

{{citation

|last=Árnason

|first=Kristján

|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese

|year=2011

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4

}}

{{citation

|last=Arvaniti

|first=Amalia

|year=2007

|title=Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art

|pages=97–208

|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics

|volume=8

|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf

|doi=10.1075/jgl.8.08arv

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf

|archive-date=2013-12-11

|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.1365

}}

{{citation

|last1=Asu

|first1=Eva Liina

|last2=Teras

|first2=Pire

|year=2009

|title=Estonian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=3

|pages=367–372

|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Bamgboṣe

|first=Ayọ

|year=1966

|title=A Grammar of Yoruba

|others=[West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies]

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|location=Cambridge

}}

{{citation

|last1=Bertinetto

|first1=Marco

|last2=Loporcaro

|first2=Michele

|year=2005

|title=The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=2

|pages=131–151

|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002148

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite web|last=Brodersen|first=Randi Benedikte|title=Islændinges udtale af dansk|year=2011|url=http://sprogmuseet.dk/sprogundervisning/islaendinges-udtale-af-dansk/|website=Sprogmuseet|language=da|access-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215001058/http://sprogmuseet.dk/sprogundervisning/islaendinges-udtale-af-dansk/|archive-date=2019-02-15|url-status=dead}}
{{citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1981

|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch

|edition=5th

|place=Leiden

|publisher=Brill Publishers

|isbn=978-9004103405

}}

{{citation

|last=Dankovičová

|first=Jana

|year=1999

|chapter=Czech

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=70–74

}}

{{citation

|author1=Dudenredaktion

|last2=Kleiner

|first2=Stefan

|last3=Knöbl

|first3=Ralf

|year=2015

|orig-year=First published 1962

|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ

|language=de

|edition=7th

|location=Berlin

|publisher=Dudenverlag

|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4

}}

{{citation

|last=Engstrand

|first=Olle

|year=1999

|chapter=Swedish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0

|pages=140–142

}}

{{citation

|last1=Göksel

|first1=Asli

|last2=Kerslake

|first2=Celia

|year=2005

|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0415114943

}}

{{Citation|last1=Grigorjevs|first1=Juris|title=Comparative study of the qualitative features of the Lithuanian and Latvian monophthongs|url=http://www.baltistica.lt/index.php/baltistica/article/view/2225/2211|journal=Baltistica|volume=50|issue=1|pages=57–89|year=2015|language=en|doi=10.15388/baltistica.50.1.2225|last2=Jaroslavienė|first2=Jurgita|doi-access=free}}{{citation

|last1=Gordon

|first1=Elizabeth

|last2=Maclagan

|first2=Margaret

|year=2004

|chapter=Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology

|editor-last=Schneider

|editor-first=Edgar W.

|editor2-last=Burridge

|editor2-first=Kate

|editor3-last=Kortmann

|editor3-first=Bernd

|editor4-last=Mesthrie

|editor4-first=Rajend

|editor5-last=Upton

|editor5-first=Clive

|title=A handbook of varieties of English

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=603–613

|isbn=978-3-11-017532-5

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gussenhoven

|first1=Carlos

|last2=Aarts

|first2=Flor

|year=1999

|title=The dialect of Maastricht

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=29

|issue=2

|pages=155–166

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526

|s2cid=145782045

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Hall

|first=Christopher

|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1992

|title=Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English

|edition=2nd

|place=Manchester

|publisher=Manchester University Press

|isbn=978-0-7190-6689-4

}}

{{citation

|last1=Hanulíková

|first1=Adriana

|last2=Hamann

|first2=Silke

|year=2010

|title=Slovak

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=40

|issue=3

|pages=373–378

|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Heijmans

|first1=Linda

|last2=Gussenhoven

|first2=Carlos

|year=1998

|title=The Dutch dialect of Weert

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=28

|issue=1–2

|pages=107–112

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307

|s2cid=145635698

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Iivonen

|first1=Antti

|last2=Harnud

|first2=Huhe

|year=2005

|title=Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=1

|pages=59–71

|doi=10.1017/S002510030500191X

|s2cid=145733117

}}

{{citation

|last1=Jones

|first1=Daniel

|last2=Ward

|first2=Dennis

|year=1969

|title=The Phonetics of Russian

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{citation

|last=Kohler

|first=Klaus J.

|year=1999

|chapter=German

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|pages=86–89

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

}}

{{citation

|last=Kordić

|first=Snježana

|author-link=Snježana Kordić

|title=Serbo-Croatian

|year=2006

|series=Languages of the World/Materials; 148

|location=Munich & Newcastle

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=978-3-89586-161-1

}}

{{citation

|last=Kráľ

|first=Ábel

|title=Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti

|year=1988

|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo

|location=Bratislava

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Krech

|first1=Eva Maria

|last2=Stock

|first2=Eberhard

|last3=Hirschfeld

|first3=Ursula

|last4=Anders

|first4=Lutz-Christian

|year=2009

|title={{Lang|de|Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch}}

|location=Berlin; New York

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6

}}

{{citation

|last1=Landau

|first1=Ernestina

|last2=Lončarića

|first2=Mijo

|last3=Horga

|first3=Damir

|last4=Škarić

|first4=Ivo

|year=1999

|chapter=Croatian

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=66–69

}}

{{citation

|last=Laufer

|first=Asher

|year=1999

|chapter=Hebrew

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

|pages=96–99

}}

{{citation

|last1=Lee

|first1=Wai-Sum

|last2=Zee

|first2=Eric

|year=2003

|title=Standard Chinese (Beijing)

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=1

|pages=109–112

|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Marti

|first=Werner

|date=1985

|title=Berndeutsch-Grammatik

|location=Bern

|publisher=Francke

|isbn=978-3-7720-1587-8

}}

{{citation

|last1=Martínez-Celdrán

|first1=Eugenio

|last2=Fernández-Planas

|first2=Ana Ma.

|last3=Carrera-Sabaté

|first3=Josefina

|year=2003

|title=Castilian Spanish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=2

|pages=255–259

|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001373

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Okada

|first=Hideo

|year=1999

|chapter=Japanese

|editor=International Phonetic Association

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|pages=117–119

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-52163751-0

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2

}}

{{citation

|last=Pavlík

|first=Radoslav

|year=2004

|title=Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda

|journal=Jazykovedný časopis

|volume=55

|pages=87–109

|url=http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Roach

|first=Peter

|year=2004

|title=British English: Received Pronunciation

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=239–245

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Roca

|first1=Iggy

|last2=Johnson

|first2=Wyn

|year=1999

|title=A Course in Phonology

|publisher=Blackwell Publishing

}}

{{citation

|last=Sarlin

|first=Mika

|year=2014

|orig-year=First published 2013

|title=Romanian Grammar

|edition=2nd

|chapter=Sounds of Romanian and their spelling

|place=Helsinki

|publisher=Books on Demand GmbH

|isbn=978-952-286-898-5

|pages=16–37

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKWpBAAAQBAJ

}}

{{citation

|last1=Scobbie

|first1=James M

|last2=Gordeeva

|first2=Olga B.

|last3=Matthews

|first3=Benjamin

|year=2006

|title=Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview

|place=Edinburgh

|publisher=QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers

}}

{{citation

|last=Šewc-Schuster

|first=Hinc

|year=1984

|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče

|place=Budyšin

|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina

}}

{{citation

|last=Strandskogen

|first=Åse-Berit

|title=Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger

|year=1979

|publisher=Gyldendal

|place=Oslo

|isbn=978-82-05-10107-4

}}

{{citation

|last1=Suomi

|first1=Kari

|author-link1=Kari Suomi

|last2=Toivanen

|first2=Juhani

|last3=Ylitalo

|first3=Riikka

|year=2008

|title=Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody

|series=Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9

|publisher=Oulu University Press

|isbn=978-951-42-8984-2

|url=http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789514289842.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Šuštaršič

|first1=Rastislav

|last2=Komar

|first2=Smiljana

|last3=Petek

|first3=Bojan

|year=1999

|chapter=Slovene

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|pages=135–139

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874

|s2cid=249404451

}}

{{citation

|last=Szende

|first=Tamás

|year=1994

|title=Hungarian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=24

|issue=2

|pages=91–94

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005090

|s2cid=242632087

}}

{{citation

|last=Tench

|first=Paul

|year=2007

|title=Tera

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=37

|issue=1

|pages=228–234

|doi=10.1017/s0025100307002952

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Ternes

|first=Elmar

|editor-last=MacAulay

|editor-first=Donald

|year=1992

|chapter=The Breton language

|title=The Celtic Languages

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3kIq1DYAkMC

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|pages=371–452

|isbn=978-0-521-23127-5

}}

{{citation

|last=Trudgill

|first=Peter

|year=2009

|title=Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology

|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics

|volume=9

|issue=1

|pages=80–97

|doi=10.1163/156658409X12500896406041

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233523754

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Urua

|first=Eno-Abasi E.

|year=2004

|title=Ibibio

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=105–109

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001550

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Valenzuela

|first1=Pilar M.

|last2=Gussenhoven

|first2=Carlos

|year=2013

|title=Shiwilu (Jebero)

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=97–106

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/shiwilu_jipa19.pdf

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000370

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Vanvik

|first=Arne

|year=1979

|title=Norsk fonetikk

|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo

|place=Oslo

|isbn=978-82-990584-0-7

}}

{{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y}}
{{cite web|last=Wissing|first=Daan|year=2016|title=Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory|url=http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|website=Taalportaal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2017}}
{{citation

|last1=Zimmer

|first1=Karl

|last2=Orgun

|first2=Orhan

|year=1999

|chapter=Turkish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=154–158

|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|access-date=2015-04-12

|archive-date=2018-07-25

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

External links

{{phoible|e̞}}
{{phoible|ɛ̝}}

Category:Mid vowels

Category:Front vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}}	{{lang\|af\|bed}}	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. The height varies between mid {{IPA\|[ɛ̝]}} and close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}} See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	Hejazi{{sfnp\|Abdoh\|2010\|p=84}}	{{lang\|ar\|بـيـت\|rtl=yes}} / bēt	{{IPA\|[be̞ːt]}}	'home'	See Hejazi Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Breton{{sfnp\|Ternes\|1992\|p=433}}	{{example needed\|date=October 2018}}			Possible realization of unstressed {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}; can be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}} instead.{{sfnp\|Ternes\|1992\|p=433}}
Chinese	Mandarin{{sfnp\|Lee\|Zee\|2003\|p=110}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|也}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|yě}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-yě.ogg\|[je̞˨˩˦]\|help=no}}	'also'	See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech	Bohemian{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}}	{{lang\|cs\|led}}	{{IPA\|[lɛ̝̈t]}}	'ice'	Near-front; may be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}} See Czech phonology
Dutch	Some speakers{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}	{{lang\|nl\|zet}}	{{IPA\|[zɛ̝t]}}	'shove' (n.)	Open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} in Standard Dutch.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="7" \| English	Broad New Zealand{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}}	cat	{{IPA\|[kʰɛ̝t]}}	'cat'	Lower in other New Zealand varieties;{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}} corresponds to {{IPAblink\|æ}} in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}	bird	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝̈ːd]}}	'bird'	Near-front; occasional realization of {{IPA\|/ɜː/}}. It can be rounded {{IPAblink\|œ̝ː}} or, more often, unrounded central {{IPAblink\|ɜ̝ː}} instead.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}.
Cultivated New Zealand{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}}	rowspan="2" \| let	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[le̞t]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'let'	Higher in other New Zealand varieties.{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maclagan\|2004\|p=609}} See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}	Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} instead. See English phonology
Inland Northern American{{cite web\|last1=Labov\|first1=William\|last2=Ash\|first2=Sharon\|last3=Boberg\|first3=Charles\|date=15 July 1997\|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}	rowspan="2" \| bit	{{IPA\|[bë̞t̚]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'bit'	rowspan="2" \| Near-front,{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}} may be {{IPAblink\|ɪ}} (also {{IPAblink\|ə}} in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See Northern Cities vowel shift
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}	{{IPA\|[bë̞ʔ]}}
Yorkshire{{sfnp\|Roca\|Johnson\|1999\|p=179}}	play	{{IPA\|[ple̞ː]}}	'play'
colspan="2" \| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|pp=368–369}}	{{lang\|et\|sule}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsule̞ˑ]}}	'feather' (gen. sg.)	Common word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=369}} See Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}}	{{lang\|fi\|menen}}	{{IPA\|[ˈme̞ne̞n]}}	'I go'	See Finnish phonology
rowspan="3" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Kohler\|1999\|p=87}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{IPA\|[b̥ɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	align=left \| More often described as open-mid front {{IPAblink\|ɛ}}.{{sfnp\|Hall\|2003\|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=34}} See Standard German phonology
Austrian and Swiss	{{lang\|de\|danke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̥aŋkɛ̝]}}	'thanks'	The most common realization of syllable-final {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Krech\|Stock\|Hirschfeld\|Anders\|2009\|p=246}}
Bernese dialect{{sfnp\|Marti\|1985\|p=27}}	{{lang\|gsw\|rède}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrɛ̝d̥ə]}}	'to speak'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Bernese German phonology
Greek	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=28}}{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|p=81}}	{{lang\|el\|πες}} / pes	{{IPA\|[pe̞s̠]}}	'say!'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hebrew{{sfnp\|Laufer\|1999\|p=98}}	{{lang\|he\|כן\|rtl=yes}}/ken	{{IPA\|[ke̞n]}}	'yes'	Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=92}}	{{lang\|hu\|hét}}	{{IPA\|[he̞ːt̪]}}	'seven'	Also described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|eː}}.{{sfnp\|Kráľ\|1988\|p=92}} See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Ibibio{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[sé̞]}}	'look'
colspan="2"\| Icelandic{{sfnp\|Brodersen\|2011}}	{{lang\|is\|kenna}}	{{IPA\|[ˈcʰɛ̝nːä]}}	'to teach'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. The long allophone is often diphthongized to {{IPA\|[eɛ]}}.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=57–60}} See Icelandic phonology
rowspan="2" \| Italian	Standard{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|pp=137–138}}	{{lang\|it\|decidere}}	{{IPA\|[d̪eˈt͡ʃiːd̪eɾe̞]}}	'to believe'	Common realization of the unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|pp=137–138}} See Italian phonology
Northern accents{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|p=137}}	{{lang\|it\|penso}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpe̞ŋso]}}	'I think'	Common realization of {{IPA\|/e/}}.{{sfnp\|Bertinetto\|Loporcaro\|2005\|p=137}} See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=117}}	{{lang\|ja\|笑み}}/emi	{{Audio-IPA\|ja-emi.ogg\|[e̞mʲi]}}	'smile'	See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Jebero{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Gussenhoven\|2013\|p=101}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ˈiʃë̞k]}}	'bat'	Near-front; possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɘ/}}.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Gussenhoven\|2013\|p=101}}
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|내가}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|naega}}	{{IPA\|[nɛ̝ɡɐː]}}	'I'	Pronunciation of {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \|Latvian{{Sfnp\|Grigorjevs\|Jaroslavienė\|2015\|p=79, 85}} \|{{Lang\|lv\|ēst}} \|{{IPA\|[ê̞ːs̪t̪]}} \|'to eat' \|Typically transcribed in IPA with {{Angbr IPA\|e}}.
rowspan="2" \| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}	{{lang\|li\|bèd}}	{{IPA\|[bɛ̝t]}}	'bed'	rowspan="2" \| Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=107}}	{{lang\|li\|zègke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈzɛ̝ɡə]}}	'to say'
Low Saxon	Gelders-Overijssels and DrentsReeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel 1982. H. Entjes.	èèt zie?	{{IPA\|[e̞ːt]}}	'do they eat?'	Only around the border of eten - èten, [e:] vs [ɛ:]
Macedonian	Standard	{{lang\|mk\|мед}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɛd̪]}}	'honey'
Malay \|Standard \|elok \|[e̞ˈlo̞ʔ] \|'good' \|See Malay phonology
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Strandskogen\|1979\|pp=15-16}}{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=13}}	{{lang\|no\|nett}}	{{IPA\|[nɛ̝tː]}}	'net'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=18}}	{{lang\|ro\|fete}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfe̞t̪e̞]}}	'girls'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=41}}	{{lang\|ru\|человек}}	{{IPA\|[t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k]}}	'human'	Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Kordić\|2006\|p=4}}{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarića\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Cyrl\|тек}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|tek}}	{{IPA\|[t̪ĕ̞k]}}	'only'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak	Standard{{sfnp\|Pavlík\|2004\|pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=375}}	{{lang\|sk\|behať}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɛ̝ɦäc]}}	'to run'	See Slovak phonology
colspan="2" \| Slovene{{cite web\|title=On the vowel system in present-day Slovene\|author=Tatjana Srebot-Rejec\|url=http://nl.ijs.si/isjt98/zbornik/sdjt98-Srebot.pdf}}	{{lang\|sl\|velikan}}	{{IPA\|[ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn]}}	'giant'	Unstressed vowel, as well as an allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}} before {{IPA\|/j/}} when a vowel does not follow within the same word.{{sfnp\|Šuštaršič\|Komar\|Petek\|1999\|p=138}} See Slovene phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{sfnp\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=256}}	{{lang\|es\|bebé}}	{{IPA\|[be̞ˈβ̞e̞]}}	'baby'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|häll}}	{{IPA\|[hɛ̝l̪]\|audio=Sv-häll.ogg}}	'flat rock'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ}}. Many dialects pronounce short {{IPA\|/e/}} and {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} the same. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tera{{sfnp\|Tench\|2007\|p=230}}	{{lang\|ttr\|ze}}	{{IPA\|[zè̞ː]}}	'spoke'
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|tr\|ev}}	{{IPA\|[e̞v]}}	'house'	See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Upper Sorbian{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=34}}	{{lang\|hsb\|njebjo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈn̠ʲɛ̝bʲɔ]}}	'sky'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding {{IPA\|/j/}} in both cases.{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=34}}
colspan="2" \| Yoruba{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}	{{example needed\|date=October 2015}}			Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɛ̃}}. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ\|ɛ̃}} instead.{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}