monosyllabic language

{{Short description|Language in which words mostly consist of a single syllable}}

A monosyllabic language is a language in which words predominantly consist of a single syllable. An example of a monosyllabic language would be Old Chinese or Vietnamese, Burmese or Sumerian.

Monosyllabism is the name for the property of single-syllable word form. The natural complement of monosyllabism is polysyllabism.

Whether a language is monosyllabic or not sometimes depends on the definition of "word", which is far from being a settled matter among linguists.{{Cite journal|last=Haspelmath|first=Martin|date=2011|title=The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax|url=https://zenodo.org/record/225844|journal=Folia Linguistica|volume=45|issue=1|pages=31–80|doi=10.1515/flin.2011.002|issn=0165-4004}} For example, Modern Chinese (Mandarin) is "monosyllabic" if each written Chinese character is considered a word; which is justified by observing that most characters have proper meaning(s) (even if very generic and ambiguous).{{cite journal |first=Charles F. |last=Hockett |date=1951 |title=Review: Nationalism and language reform in China by John De Francis |journal=Language |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=439–445 |quote=an overwhelmingly high percentage of Chinese segmental morphemes (bound or free) consist of a single syllable; no more than perhaps five percent are longer than one syllable, and only a small handful are shorter. In this sense — in the sense of the favored canonical shape of morphemes — Chinese is indeed monosyllabic |doi=10.2307/409788 |jstor=409788}} However, most entries in a Chinese dictionary are compounds of two or more characters; if those entries are taken as the "words", then Mandarin is not truly monosyllabic, only its morphemes are.{{cite journal |first=Wang |last=Feng |date=2015 |title=Multisyllabication and Phonological Simplification throughout Chinese History |journal=Journal of Chinese Linguistics |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=714–718 |doi=10.1353/jcl.2015.0025 |jstor=24774983}}{{cite book |last=Hannas |first=Wm. C. |date=1997 |title=Asia's Orthographic Dilemma |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai`i Press |isbn=9780585344010}}.

Single-vowel form

A monosyllable may be complex and include seven or more consonants and a vowel (CCCCVCCC or CCCVCCC as in English "strengths") or be as simple as a single vowel or a syllabic consonant.

Few known recorded languages preserve simple CV forms which apparently are fully functional roots conveying meaning, i.e. are words—but are not the reductions from earlier complex forms that we find in Mandarin Chinese CV forms, almost always derived with tonal and phonological modifications from Sino-Tibetan *(C)CV(C)(C)/(V) forms.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Suffix and prefix

Monosyllabic languages typically lack suffixes and prefixes that can be added to words to alter their meaning or time. Instead, it is frequently determined by context and/or other words.

For instance in Vietnamese:

class="wikitable"

!English

!Vietnamese

I ask

|Tôi hỏi

I asked

|Tôi đã hỏi

I'm asking

|Tôi đang hỏi

class="wikitable sortable"

!English

!Vietnamese

explain

|giải thích

unexplain

|không giải thích

explanation

|lời giải thích

class="wikitable sortable"

|+For informal speech

!English

!Vietnamese

I promise.

|Tôi hứa.

I promised yesterday.

|Tôi hứa hôm qua.

I will promise tomorrow.

|Tôi hứa ngày mai.

References