monotropism

{{Short description|Cognitive strategy in autism}}{{Update|date=October 2023|reason=This article does not include research past the early 2010s except through one indirect reference}}

File:Monotropic and polytropic learning - fixed.png

Monotropism is an individual's tendency to focus their attention on a small or singular number of interests at any time, with them neglecting or not perceiving lesser interests. This cognitive strategy has been posited as the central underlying feature of autism.

A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications, with it being seen as a state of "tunnel vision". While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it, their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking, and more specifically, flow states.{{Cite book |last1=Andy |first1=McDonnell |url= |title=Good Autism Practice: Autism, Happiness and Wellbeing |last2=Damian |first2=Milton |date=2014 |publisher=BILD |isbn=9781905218356 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Glenys |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=38–47 |language= |chapter=Going with the flow: reconsidering 'repetitive behaviour' through the concept of 'flow states' |author-link2=Damian Milton |access-date= |editor-last2=Hurley |editor-first2=Elizabeth}} However, this form of hyperfocus makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described as executive dysfunction in autism, and stereotypies or perseveration, where a person's attention is repeatedly drawn back to the same subject or activity.

History

Since 1992, the term "monotropism" is attested in an autism context; it appeared in a text by Dinah Murray and is said to have been suggested by Jeanette Buirski a year prior.{{cite conference |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |date=1992 |title=Attention Tunnelling and Autism |url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/attention-tunnelling-and-autism/ |conference=Living with Autism: The Individual, the Family, and the Professional. |publisher=Durham Conference Proceedings}} The word mono ("one, single") here is chosen in contrast to poly ("many"); whereas -tropism points to "directional movement or growth" as in the biological concept of tropism.{{Cite OED|-tropism|9897202606}}

The theory of monotropism was developed by Dinah Murray, Wenn Lawson and Mike Lesser starting in the 1990s, and first published in 2005.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Dinah |author-link=Dinah Murray |last2=Lesser |first2=Mike |author-link2=Mike Lesser |last3=Lawson |first3=Wenn |date=2005 |title=Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism |url=https://monotropism.org/murray-lesser-lawson/ |journal=Autism |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–56 |doi=10.1177/1362361305051398 |pmid=15857859 |s2cid=6476917 |doi-access=free}} Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his PhD, Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism, and book The Passionate Mind published in 2011.

Characteristics

File:Monotropic.png

File:Polytropy - fixed.png

Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, cognitive processes are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active at any given time tend to consume most of the available attention, causing difficulty with other tasks such as conventional social interaction. Language development can be affected, both through the broad attention required and the psychological impact of language, which provides a tool for others to manipulate a child's interest system.

Monotropic individuals have trouble processing multiple things at once, particularly when it comes to multitasking while listening. For example, some students have trouble taking notes in class while listening to a teacher{{cite book |last=Bogdashina |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCQ1U38WmjIC&dq=monotropism+autism&pg=PA11 |title=Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences – Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=9781843101666 |location=London}} and may find it difficult to read a person's face and comprehend what they are saying simultaneously. A common tendency is for individuals to avoid complex sensory environments because of this hypersensitivity. Monotropic individuals may suppress attention and focus on something else, or develop great depth in a given interest or skill.{{cite book |last1=Lesser |first1=Mike |url= |title=The Neurodiversity Reader |last2=Murray |first2=Dinah |publisher=Pavilion |year=2020 |isbn=9781912755394 |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Dinah |editor-link=Dinah Murray |location=Shoreham by Sea |pages= |chapter=Mind as a Dynamical System: Implication for Autism |author-link=Mike Lesser |author-link2=Dinah Murray |orig-date=1998 |editor-last2=Milton |editor-first2=Damian |editor-link2=Damian Milton |editor-last3=Ridout |editor-first3=Susy |editor-last4=Martin |editor-first4=Nicola |editor-last5=Mills |editor-first5=Richard |chapter-url=https://monotropism.org/dinah/mind-as-a-dynamical-system/}}

Implications for practice

Murray et al. (2005) proposed certain steps to help autistic individuals, such as increasing "connections", building understanding through the child's interests, and making connections between people and concepts more "meaningful and less complex."

File:Spikey cognitive profile.png

References

External links

[https://monotropism.org/ monotropism.org] Information portal on monotropism, including an archive of Dinah Murray's work on the subject

Category:Autism

Category:Learning disabilities

Category:Cognition