mukhi
{{Short description|Government title in the Indian subcontinent}}
Mukhi (mukhia) is the title used for a head of community or village elitesIndia's Villages. Development Department, West Bengal, 1955 and their local government in Western India and Sindh.Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India. Vinayak, Chaturvedi, University of California Press, 2007 It is derived from the word mukhiya meaning 'foremost', and prior to Indian independence they were the most powerful person in each community, imbued with both civil and judicial powers.The Thakors of north Gujarat: a caste in the village and the region. Studies in sociology and social anthropology, Lobo, Lancy. Hindustan Pub. Corp., 1995. {{ISBN|8170750350}}Tribe, Volumes 2-6. Tribal Research Institute (Rajasthan, India). Tribal Research Institute and Training Centre, 1966
Status
Mukhi headmen generally came from the wealthiest Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development. Basu, Pratyusha. Cambria Press, 2009 or most prominent families within their communityThe Twice-born: A Study of a Community of High-caste Hindus. Carstairs, G. Morris, Indiana University Press, 1967 and acted as the presidents of the local panchayats.Research in Sociology: Abstracts of M.A. and Ph. D. Dissertations Completed in the Department of Sociology, University of Bombay. Concept Publishing Company, 1989 According to local traditions, the Mukhi could be a hereditary position inherited by the eldest sonGujarat, Part 3. Popular Prakashan, 2003 or an elected position, as were the panchayats. Decisions made by the panchayat were accepted by their communities and did not require enforcement.Encyclopaedia of Indian Woman: Emancipation Through Legislative Reforms, Volume 5. Akashdeep, 1990 In developed areas, many also held high positions in business.The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama, Markovits, Claude. Cambridge University Press, 22 Jun 2000
History
The tradition of mukhis and panchayat raj (village self-government) is thought to be thousands of years old but currently decreasing in influence due to the growth of government and democratic decentralisation.Tribal Culture, Continuity, and Change: A Study of Bhils in Rajasthan. Majhi, Anita Srivastava , Mittal Publications, 2010
Since at least the 16th Century, the roles carried out by mukhis included those relating to local revenue gathering and expenditure, policing and justice. By the 19th, under the British rule of India, they became government appointed agents. They led local Panchayats and acted as local representative of the rulers.Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes Vol. 2: Selection from Government Record. Baluchistan (Pakistan) Nisa Traders 1979, University of Virginia, Apr 2009
In 1876, according to the Village Police Act, the mukhis were also given central roles in the criminal justice system and required to carry out surveillance about suspicious activities and reporting to district level officials. They had powers to resolve conflicts within their community, particularly those relating to marriages,All India Reporter, Volume 3, Chitaley D.V., 1950 and give consent over the building of properties and officiate over daily events or rituals.Encyclopaedia of Ismailism. Mumtaz Ali Tajddin Sadik Ali, Islamic Book Publisher, 2006.
In Hyderabad, Sindh the position was always held by a member of the Bhaibund community who presided over the collection of fines for the violation of duties and obligations.The Amil Community of Hyderabad, Narsain, S.J. 1932
Ismailism
In the Ismaili Nizari tradition, the term is also used for the guardian of each Jama'at Khana where the Mukhi acts as the tangible symbol of the Imam's authority, by officiating over daily rituals.
Family name
Mukhi is also a common name within Sindhis denoting a hereditary relationship to a mukhiEssential Sindhi Cookbook. Reejhsinghani, Aroona, Penguin Books India, 2004 and, from a separate root, in other Indian communities as meaning "beautiful".A Smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary, Taylor & Francis
See also
References
{{Reflist|2}}
Sources
- Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, "Amilan-jo-Ahwal" - published in Sindhi, 1919
- Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) - translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils") at [http://www.saibaba-fund.org/sindhis.html sindhis]
Category:Local government in India