mummering
{{Short description|British, Irish, and Canadian folk custom}}
{{otheruses}}
File:St. John's Mummers Parade.jpg
Mummering is a Christmas-time house-visiting tradition practiced in Newfoundland and Labrador, Ireland, Philadelphia, and parts of the United Kingdom.
Also known as mumming or janneying, it typically involves a group of friends or family who dress in disguise and visit homes within their community or neighboring communities during the twelve days of Christmas. If the mummers are welcomed into a house, they often do a variety of informal performances that may include dance, music, jokes, or recitations. The hosts must guess the mummers' identities before offering them food or drink. They may poke and prod the mummers or ask them questions. To make this a challenge for the hosts, the mummers may stuff their costumes, cross-dress, or speak while inhaling (ingressive speech). Once the mummers have been identified, they remove their disguises, spend some social time with the hosts, and then travel as a group to the next home.{{cite web |title=Christmas Traditions |url=https://www.mun.ca/ich/inventory/profiles/xmastrad/index.php |website=Intangible Cultural Heritage |publisher=Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=28 November 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Burshtein |first1=Karen |title=Are Mummers Allowed in? The Newfoundland Holiday Tradition Where Disguised Visitors Drink, Dance, and Swing Your Granny |url=https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/canada/newfoundland-and-labrador/experiences/news/are-mummers-allowed-in-the-newfoundland-holiday-tradition-where-disguised-visitors-drink-dance-and-swing-your-granny |publisher=Fodors Travel |access-date=28 November 2020 |date=10 December 2019}}
History
An old Christmas custom from England and Ireland, mummering in a version of its modern form can be traced back in Newfoundland into the 19th century. Although it is unclear precisely when this tradition was brought to Newfoundland by the English and Irish, the earliest record dates back to 1819.{{cite web |title=Performing Arts |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/arts/performing-arts.php |publisher=Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=28 November 2020 |date=1999}} Some state that the tradition was brought to Newfoundland by Irish immigrants from County Wexford.{{Cite news|last=Muirithe|first=Diarmaid O.|date=2000-01-08|title=The Words We Use|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-words-we-use-1.232057|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}} The tradition varied, and continues to vary, from community to community. Some formal aspects of the tradition, such as the mummers play, have largely died out, with the informal house-visiting remaining the predominant form.
On June 25, 1861, an "Act to make further provisions for the prevention of Nuisances" was introduced in response to the death of Isaac Mercer in Bay Roberts.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mun.ca/iser/funding_awarded/P._Smith.pdf|title=Mummering, Violence and the Law in Nineteenth-Century Newfoundland|last=Smith|first=Paul|publisher=Memorial University - Institute of Social and Economic Research|access-date=27 November 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Lindsay |title=Dark side of the mum |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-the-dark-history-of-mummering-in-newfoundland/ |website=The Globe and Mail |access-date=21 June 2024 |date=19 December 2023 |quote=Mercer’s death on Dec. 28, 1860, prompted an outright ban against mummering that lasted for the next 100 years.}} Mercer had been murdered by a group of masked mummers on December 28, 1860.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/pov-ainsley-hawthorn-celebrate-christmas-the-old-fashioned-way-1.5392159|title=Celebrate Christmas the old-fashioned way: with drunken mayhem|publisher=CBC News|date=Dec 21, 2019 |first=Ainsley|last=Hawthorn|access-date=27 November 2020 }} The Bill made it illegal to wear a disguise in public without permission of the local magistrate. Mummering in rural communities continued despite the passage of the Bill, although the practice did die out in larger towns and cities.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/dark-mummering-crime-murder-1.4940745|title=The dark side of mummering: What you may not know about a beloved tradition|publisher=CBC News|date=Dec 26, 2018 |first=Terri|last=Coles|access-date=27 November 2020 }}
In the 1980s, mummering experienced a revival, thanks to the locally popular musical duo Simani, who wrote and recorded "Any Mummers Allowed In?" (commonly referred to as "The Mummer's Song") in 1982. Folklorist Dr. Joy Fraser has noted that, "in common with many other folk revivals, the resurgence of Christmas mummering in Newfoundland is largely based on a selective and idealised conceptualisation of the custom. As part of this revival, one particular form of mummering - the informal house-visit described above - has come to represent the custom in Newfoundland as a whole, while other forms that were equally prominent in the island’s cultural history have received comparatively little attention."{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Joy|date=2009|title=Mummers on trial: Mumming, Violence and the Law in Conception Bay and St. John's, Newfoundland, 1831-1863|url=https://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v3n2/h.-Fraser-Shima-v3n2-70-88.pdf|journal=Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures|volume=3|pages=70–88}}
In 2009, the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador's Intangible Cultural Heritage office established what would become an annual Mummers Festival, culminating in a Mummers Parade in St. John's.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/travel/11-canadian-winter-festivals-to-check-out-across-the-country-1.5383059|title=11 Canadian winter festivals to check out across the country|first=Helen|last=Early|date=Dec 3, 2019 |publisher=CBC Life|access-date=27 November 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mummers-parade-2019-1.5396817 |title=Mummers take ugly sticks and hobby horses to the streets of St. John's for annual parade|date=Dec 14, 2019 |publisher=CBC News|access-date=27 November 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetelegram.com/lifestyles/local-lifestyles/mummers-parade-keeps-newfoundland-christmas-tradition-alive-organizer-388472/|title=Mummers Parade keeps Newfoundland Christmas tradition alive: organizer |first=Juanita|last=Mercer|date=Dec 16, 2019 |publisher=The Telegram|access-date=27 November 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/hundreds-take-part-in-annual-mummers-parade-in-st-john-s-1.2872745|title=Hundreds take part in annual Mummers Parade in St. John's|date=Dec 14, 2014 |publisher=CBC News|access-date=27 November 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mummers-parade-2018-1.4938352|title=Doilies, beer cases and Nan's bras disguise mummers at St. John's parade|date=Dec 8, 2018 |publisher=CBC News|access-date=27 November 2020}} The success of the festival has influenced, in part, another revitalization and increase of interest in the tradition in the province.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Mummering}}
- [http://www.mummersfestival.ca Annual Mummers Festival, St. John's, Newfoundland]
- [https://www.mun.ca/ich/inventory/profiles/xmastrad/index.php Christmas Traditions on the Memorial University Intangible Cultural Heritage website]
Category:Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador