nanodisc
{{short description|Synthetic model membrane system}}
File:NanodiscWith7TMMembraneProtein.jpg protein embedded. Diameter is about 10 nm. Picture from Sligar Lab]]
A nanodisc is a synthetic model membrane system which assists in the study of membrane proteins.{{Cite journal| vauthors = Liszewski K |date=1 October 2015|title=Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/dissecting-the-structure-of-membrane-proteins/5583/|journal=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News|volume=35|issue=17|pages=16–18, 21|quote=Nanodiscs are self-assembling nanoscale phospholipid bilayers that are stabilized using engineered membrane scaffold proteins.|doi=10.1089/gen.35.07.09|url-access=subscription}} Nanodiscs are discoidal proteins in which a lipid bilayer is surrounded by molecules that are amphipathic molecules including proteins, peptides, and synthetic polymers.{{Cite journal|last1=Anada|first1=Chiharu|last2=Ikeda|first2=Keisuke|last3=Egawa|first3=Ayako|last4=Fujiwara|first4=Toshimichi|last5=Nakao|first5=Hiroyuki|last6=Nakano|first6=Minoru|date=April 2021|title=Temperature- and composition-dependent conformational transitions of amphipathic peptide–phospholipid nanodiscs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.090|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|volume=588|pages=522–530|doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.090|pmid=33429348|bibcode=2021JCIS..588..522A |issn=0021-9797|url-access=subscription}} It is composed of a lipid bilayer of phospholipids with the hydrophobic edge screened by two amphipathic proteins. These proteins are called membrane scaffolding proteins (MSP) and align in double belt formation.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bayburt TH, Grinkova YV, Sligar SG | doi = 10.1021/nl025623k | title = Self-Assembly of Discoidal Phospholipid Bilayer Nanoparticles with Membrane Scaffold Proteins | journal = Nano Letters | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = 853–856 | year = 2002 | bibcode = 2002NanoL...2..853B }}
Nanodiscs are structurally very similar to discoidal high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and the MSPs are modified versions of apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), the main constituent in HDL. Nanodiscs are useful in the study of membrane proteins because they can solubilise and stabilise membrane proteins{{cite journal | vauthors = Denisov IG, Sligar SG | title = Cytochromes P450 in nanodiscs | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics | volume = 1814 | issue = 1 | pages = 223–9 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20685623 | pmc = 2974961 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.05.017 }}
and represent a more native environment than liposomes, detergent micelles, bicelles and amphipols.
The art of making nanodiscs has progressed past using only the MSPs and lipids to make particles, leading to alternative strategies like peptide nanodiscs that use simpler proteins and synthetic nanodiscs that do not need any proteins for stabilization.
MSP nanodisc
The original nanodisc was produced by apoA1-derived MSPs from 2002. The size and stability of these discs depend on the size of these proteins, which can be adjusted by truncation and fusion. In general, MSP1 proteins consist of one repeat, and MSP2s are double-sized.{{cite journal | vauthors = Denisov IG, Grinkova YV, Lazarides AA, Sligar SG | title = Directed self-assembly of monodisperse phospholipid bilayer Nanodiscs with controlled size | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 126 | issue = 11 | pages = 3477–87 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15025475 | doi = 10.1021/ja0393574 | bibcode = 2004JAChS.126.3477D }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Grinkova YV, Denisov IG, Sligar SG | title = Engineering extended membrane scaffold proteins for self-assembly of soluble nanoscale lipid bilayers | journal = Protein Engineering, Design & Selection | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 843–8 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20817758 | pmc = 2953958 | doi = 10.1093/protein/gzq060 }}
Peptide nanodisc
In peptide nanodiscs, the lipid bilayer is screened by amphipathic peptides instead of two MSPs. Peptide nanodiscs are structurally similar to MSP nanodiscs and the peptides also align in a double belt. They can stabilise membrane proteins,
{{cite journal | vauthors = Midtgaard SR, Pedersen MC, Kirkensgaard JJ, Sørensen KK, Mortensen K, Jensen KJ, Arleth L | title = Self-assembling peptides form nanodiscs that stabilize membrane proteins | journal = Soft Matter | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 738–52 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24651399 | doi = 10.1039/c3sm51727f | bibcode = 2014SMat...10..738M }}
but have higher polydispersity and are structurally less stable than MSP nanodiscs. Recent studies, however, showed that dimerization
{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsen AN, Sørensen KK, Johansen NT, Martel A, Kirkensgaard JJ, Jensen KJ, Arleth L, Midtgaard SR | display-authors = 6 | title = Dimeric peptides with three different linkers self-assemble with phospholipids to form peptide nanodiscs that stabilize membrane proteins | journal = Soft Matter | volume = 12 | issue = 27 | pages = 5937–49 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27306692 | doi = 10.1039/c6sm00495d | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016SMat...12.5937L }}
{{cite journal | vauthors = Kondo H, Ikeda K, Nakano M | title = Formation of size-controlled, denaturation-resistant lipid nanodiscs by an amphiphilic self-polymerizing peptide | journal = Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces | volume = 146 | pages = 423–30 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27393815 | doi = 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.040 }}
of the peptides make them more stable.
Synthetic/Native nanodisc
Another way to mimic the native lipid membrane are synthetic polymers. Styrene-maleic acid co-polymers (SMAs){{cite journal | vauthors = Bada Juarez JF, Harper AJ, Judge PJ, Tonge SR, Watts A | title = From polymer chemistry to structural biology: The development of SMA and related amphipathic polymers for membrane protein extraction and solubilisation | journal = Chemistry and Physics of Lipids | volume = 221 | pages = 167–175 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 30940445 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.008 | url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a9db376a-8e9f-46df-8c09-aa613265351e }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Knowles TJ, Finka R, Smith C, Lin YP, Dafforn T, Overduin M | title = Membrane proteins solubilized intact in lipid containing nanoparticles bounded by styrene maleic acid copolymer | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 131 | issue = 22 | pages = 7484–5 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19449872 | doi = 10.1021/ja810046q | bibcode = 2009JAChS.131.7484K }} called SMALPs or Lipodisq and Diisobutylene-maleic acid (DIBMA){{cite journal | vauthors = Oluwole AO, Klingler J, Danielczak B, Babalola JO, Vargas C, Pabst G, Keller S | title = Formation of Lipid-Bilayer Nanodiscs by Diisobutylene/Maleic Acid (DIBMA) Copolymer | journal = Langmuir | volume = 33 | issue = 50 | pages = 14378–14388 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29160078 | doi = 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03742 }} are such synthetic polymers (DIBMALPs). They can solubilize membrane proteins directly from cells or raw extract. They also have been used to study the lipid composition of several organisms.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lavington S, Watts A | title = Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments | journal = Biophysical Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 1287–1302 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33215301 | doi = 10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5 | pmc = 7755959 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Barniol-Xicota M, Verhelst SH | title = Lipidomic and in-gel analysis of maleic acid co-polymer nanodiscs reveals differences in composition of solubilized membranes | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 218 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33594255 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-021-01711-3 | pmc = 7886889 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bada Juarez JF, O'Rourke D, Judge PJ, Liu LC, Hodgkin J, Watts A | title = Lipodisqs for eukaryote lipidomics with retention of viability: Sensitivity and resistance to Leucobacter infection linked to C.elegans cuticle composition | journal = Chemistry and Physics of Lipids | volume = 222 | pages = 51–58 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31102583 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.005 | url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d3c3aa1-3f12-443c-8ef0-c3647759832c/download_file?safe_filename=JuarezetalAAM2019.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article }} It was discovered that all synthetic polymers which contained a styrene and maleic acid group can solubilize proteins.{{Cite web|url=https://cube-biotech.com/products/nanodisc-products/synthetic-polymers/diisobutylene-maleic-acid-dibma/|title=Diisobutylene-maleic acid (DIBMA)|website=Cube Biotech|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-21}} These SMA nanoparticles have also been tested as possible drug delivery vehicle{{cite journal | vauthors = Torgersen ML, Judge PJ, Bada Juarez JF, Pandya AD, Fusser M, Davies CW, Maciejewska MK, Yin DJ, Maelandsmo GM, Skotland T, Watts A, Sandvig K | display-authors = 6 | title = Physicochemical Characterization, Toxicity and In Vivo Biodistribution Studies of a Discoidal, Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Vehicle: Lipodisq Nanoparticles Containing Doxorubicin | journal = Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 419–431 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32970975 | doi = 10.1166/jbn.2020.2911 | hdl = 10852/85267 | url = http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-87934 | hdl-access = free }} and for the study of folding, post-translational modifications and lipid interactions of membrane proteins by native mass spectrometry.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoi KK, Bada Juarez JF, Judge PJ, Yen HY, Wu D, Vinals J, Taylor GF, Watts A, Robinson CV | display-authors = 6 | title = Detergent-free Lipodisq Nanoparticles Facilitate High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Folded Integral Membrane Proteins | journal = Nano Letters | date = March 2021 | volume = 21 | issue = 7 | pages = 2824–2831 | pmid = 33787280 | pmc = 8050825 | doi = 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04911 | bibcode = 2021NanoL..21.2824H }} They are now routinely used to solve membrane protein structures for cryo-EM, such as the aerolysin pore-forming toxins (2.1Å resolution), where some lipid density was modelled and key interactions relevant for the understanding of pore formation mechanism, its correct positioning and anchoring in the membrane were elucidated. {{cite journal |last1=Anton |first1=Jana S. |last2=Iacovache |first2=Ioan |last3=Bada Juarez |first3=Juan F. |last4=Abriata |first4=Luciano A. |last5=Perrin |first5=Louis W. |last6=Cao |first6=Chan |last7=Marcaida |first7=Maria J. |last8=Zuber |first8=Benoît |last9=Dal Peraro |first9=Matteo |title=Aerolysin Nanopore Structures Revealed at High Resolution in a Lipid Environment |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=12 February 2025 |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=4984–4992 |doi=10.1021/jacs.4c14288|pmid=39900531 |pmc=11826888 }}
References
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External links
- [http://sligarlab.life.uiuc.edu/nanodisc.html Nanodisc Technology] from the Stephen Sligar laboratory
- [https://cube-biotech.com/products/nanodisc-products/assembled-nanodiscs/ Assembled nanodiscs] for application with cell-free lysates
- [http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/Lipoproteins/ HDL and Nanodiscs] an overview of nanodisc technology at UIUC
- [http://depts.washington.edu/wmatkins/nanodiscs.html Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs] A summary from the Atkins lab at the University of Washington
- [http://www.addgene.org/pgvec1?f=c&cmd=findpub&identifier=PUBMED.15025475&attag=wv&atqx=pmsp1d1 Purchase the MSP] The plasmid for the MSP is available from AddGene
- [http://www.smalp.net SMA native nanodiscs website] International research community website using SMA or other polymers (DIBMA for e.g.) as an alternative to conventional detergents and synthetic lipid environment found in MSP-Nanodisc.