natural sounds

Humans are a product of nature this could be considered part of nature. However, humans have long-considered themselves to be separate and in conflict. For that reason, a special category of the soundscape has been set aside for humans alone. Called anthrophony, it includes all of the sound that humans produce, whether structured (i. e. music, theatre, film, etc.), or entropic, as in the electromechanical chaotic and uncontrolled signals we generate by whatever means. Anthrophony has a profound effect on the natural soundscape and the featured organisms who play seminal roles in those habitats, but the nature of that effect varies with the types and families of sound and their relative intensity.Krause 1998, 2002, 2012."The Anatomy of the Soundscape," Bernie Krause, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Number 56, 1/2 2008, January/February.Bernie Krause, "Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World," Wilderness Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0899972961}}.Bernie Krause, "The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places," Little Brown, New York, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-316-08687-5}}.

Natural sounds are restricted to natural sources in their normal soundscape because clips of isolated natural sources are like sound bites: without context the sounds are prone to be misinterpreted.

The historical background of natural sounds as they have come to be defined, begins with the recording of a single bird, by Ludwig Koch, as early as 1889. Koch's efforts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries set the stage for the universal audio capture model of single-species—primarily birds at the outset—that subsumed all others during the first half of the 20th century and well into the latter half and into the early 21st, as well.

In late 1968, influenced by acoustic efforts in the fields of music and film, this model began to evolve into a much more holistic effort with attention paid to the acoustic experience of entire habitats, inclusive of all the wild animal voices. Expressed as wild soundscapes, these phenomena included sounds primarily from two main sources, non-human and non-domestic wild ones, and non-biological sources in relatively undisturbed habitats.

Humans can benefit from natural environments to restore from stress and directed attention fatigue.Kaplan 1995 A human can endure high levels of stress for short time periods as long as these periods are interrupted by restoration moments.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ai.rug.nl/~tjeerd/publications/Botteldooren_2011.pdf |title=Botteldooren et al. 2011 |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224646/http://www.ai.rug.nl/~tjeerd/publications/Botteldooren_2011.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=dead }}

While a natural environment provides more sensory input than the soundscape there are indications that the soundscape alone also affords restoration.Alvarsson et al. 2010 A majority of humans indicate that they find natural sounds pleasurable.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ai.rug.nl/~tjeerd/publications/Andringa_2011S1.pdf |title=Andringa |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232942/http://www.ai.rug.nl/~tjeerd/publications/Andringa_2011S1.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=dead }}

These are sounds, calls, or audible signals made by any one species to its own or any other species, establishing boundaries so like or unlike species will not transgress those boundaries.

Male baboons make sounds heard for miles by other baboons, communicating to those other male baboons, the territory of that male baboon. The strength, volume, and timbre, inherent in that "call", determine whether or not rival males attempt to invade that male baboon's territory.

They do this to make them sound impressive and then to attract the female to them.

These are sounds made by the male baboon to attract females to his territory for courtship and mating. Again, the strength, quality, and timbre of those sounds, often determine the ability of that species to attract females for reproduction. These mating calls, often low and guttural, are the main criteria, used by the female baboon to determine which male she mates with.

{{Main|Imitation of natural sounds in various cultures}}

The imitation of natural sounds in various cultures is a diverse phenomenon. and can fill in various functions. In several instances, it is related to the belief system, for example, imitation of natural sounds can be linked to various shamanistic beliefs or practice (e.g. yoiks of the Sami,Szomjas-Schiffert 1996: 56, 76Szomjas-Schiffert 1996: 64Szomjas-Schiffert 1996: 74 some other shamanic songs and rituals,[http://dasa.baua.de/nn_35984/sid_2C8A99B3F31A58C62BBE3312986DC568/nsc_true/de/Presse/Pressematerialien/Sonderausstellung_20Macht_20Musik/Schamanen-Musik.pdf Hoppál 2006: 143] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105719/http://dasa.baua.de/nn_35984/sid_2C8A99B3F31A58C62BBE3312986DC568/nsc_true/de/Presse/Pressematerialien/Sonderausstellung_20Macht_20Musik/Schamanen-Musik.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }}Diószegi 1960: 203Hoppál 2005: 92[http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/tent.htm Lintrop] overtone singing of some cultures). It may serve also such practical goals as luring game in the hunt;Nattiez: 5 or entertainment (such as the katajjaq of the Inuit).[http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm Deschênes 2002]

• Animal communication
• Animal language
• Bioacoustics
• Bird vocalization
• Soundscape
• Soundscape ecology
• Bernie Krause
• Whale sound
• Biophony
• Geophony
• Anthrophony

• {{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Kaplan (paranormal investigator) |title=The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward and Integrative Framework |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=169–182 |year=1995 |doi=10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Alvarisson |first=Jesper J |title= Stress Recovery during Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise |journal= International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1036–1046 |year=2010|doi=10.3390/ijerph7031036 |pmid=20617017 |pmc=2872309 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |last=Deschênes |first=Bruno |title=Inuit Throat-Singing |work=Musical Traditions |publisher=The Magazine for Traditional Music Throughout the World |year=2002 |url=http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm}}
• {{cite book |last=Diószegi |first=Vilmos |title=Sámánok nyomában Szibéria földjén. Egy néprajzi kutatóút története |series=Terebess Ázsia E-Tár |publisher=Magvető Könyvkiadó |location=Budapest |year=1960 |language=hu|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02181}} The book has been translated to English: {{cite book |last=Diószegi |first=Vilmos |title=Tracing shamans in Siberia. The story of an ethnographical research expedition |others=Translated from Hungarian by Anita Rajkay Babó |publisher=Anthropological Publications |location=Oosterhout |year=1968}}
• {{cite book |last=Hoppál |first=Mihály |title=Sámánok Eurázsiában |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |location=Budapest |year=2005 |isbn=963-05-8295-3 |language=hu}} The title means “Shamans in Eurasia”, the book is published also in German, Estonian and Finnish. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102125239/http://www.akkrt.hu/main.php?folderID=906&pn=2&cnt=31&catID=&prodID=17202&pdetails=1 Site of publisher with short description on the book (in Hungarian)].
• {{cite book |last=Hoppál |first=Mihály |chapter=Music of Shamanic Healing |editor=Gerhard Kilger |title=Macht Musik. Musik als Glück und Nutzen für das Leben |publisher=Wienand Verlag |location=Köln |year=2006 |isbn=3-87909-865-4 |chapter-url=http://dasa.baua.de/nn_35984/sid_2C8A99B3F31A58C62BBE3312986DC568/nsc_true/de/Presse/Pressematerialien/Sonderausstellung_20Macht_20Musik/Schamanen-Musik.pdf |url=http://www.deutschesfachbuch.de/info/detail.php?isbn=3-87909-865-4 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{cite web |last=Lintrop |first=Aarno |title=The Clean Tent Rite |work=Studies in Siberian shamanism and religions of the Finno-Ugric peoples |url=http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/tent.htm}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Nattiez |first=Jean Jacques |author-link=Jean-Jacques Nattiez |title=Inuit Games and Songs • Chants et Jeux des Inuit |series=Musiques & musiciens du monde • Musics & musicians of the world |publisher=Research Group in Musical Semiotics, Faculty of Music, University of Montreal |place=Montreal}}. The songs are [http://www.ubu.com/ethno/soundings/inuit.html online available] from the ethnopoetics website curated by Jerome Rothenberg.
• {{cite web |last=Somby |first=Ánde |title=Joik and the theory of knowledge |year=1995 |url=http://www.uit.no/ssweb/dok/Somby/Ande/95.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080325110925/http://www.uit.no/ssweb/dok/Somby/Ande/95.htm |archive-date=2008-03-25 }}
• {{cite book |last=Szomjas-Schiffert |first=György |title=Lapp sámánok énekes hagyománya • Singing tradition of Lapp shamans |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |location=Budapest |year=1996 |language=hu, en |isbn=963-05-6940-X}}
• {{cite book |last=Krause |first=Bernie |title=The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places |year=2012 |publisher=Little Brown/Hachette |isbn=978-0-316-08687-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greatanimalorche0000krau }}

• [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/sound/wildsounds/wildlife.html The British Library Sound Archive] has 150,000 recordings of over 10,000 species.
• [http://www.ibac.info/ International Bioacoustics Council] links to many bioacoustics resources.
• [http://www.bl.uk/listentonature Listen to Nature] 400 examples of animal songs and calls
• [http://www.wildlife-sound.org/ Wildlife Sound Recording Society]
• [http://www.wildsanctuary.com Wildsanctuary.com]

Category:Zoomusicology