nausea

Gastrointestinal infections (37%) and food poisoning are the two most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting.{{cite journal | vauthors = Metz A, Hebbard G | title = Nausea and vomiting in adults--a diagnostic approach | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 688–92 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17885699 | url = http://www.racgp.org.au/afpbackissues/2007/200709/200709metz.pdf | publisher = Royal Australian College of General Practitioners | type = Review | access-date = 2016-11-26 | archive-date = 2016-11-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194653/http://www.racgp.org.au/afpbackissues/2007/200709/200709metz.pdf | url-status = live }}{{open access}} Side effects from medications (3%) and pregnancy are also relatively frequent. There are many causes of chronic nausea. Nausea and vomiting remain undiagnosed in 10% of the cases. Aside from morning sickness, there are no sex differences in complaints of nausea. After childhood, doctor consultations decrease steadily with age. Only a fraction of one percent of doctor visits by those over 65 are due to nausea.

Gastrointestinal infection is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Chronic nausea may be the presentation of many gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally as the major symptom, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, gastritis, biliary reflux, gastroparesis, peptic ulcer, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, Crohn's disease, hepatitis, upper gastrointestinal malignancy, and pancreatic cancer.{{cite journal | vauthors = Volta U, Caio G, Karunaratne TB, Alaedini A, De Giorgio R | title = Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions | journal = Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–18 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27852116 | doi = 10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003 | s2cid = 34881689 | type = Review | quote = A lower proportion of NCG/WS patients (from 30% to 50%) complain of upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations, e.g. vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aerophagia and aphthous stomatitis. (NCG/WS: Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity) }} Uncomplicated Helicobacter pylori infection does not cause chronic nausea.

Food poisoning usually causes an abrupt onset of nausea and vomiting one to six hours after ingestion of contaminated food and lasts for one to two days.{{cite journal | vauthors = Scorza K, Williams A, Phillips JD, Shaw J | title = Evaluation of nausea and vomiting | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–84 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17668843 }} It is due to toxins produced by bacteria in food.

Many medications can potentially cause nausea. Some of the most frequently associated include cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for cancer and other diseases, and general anaesthetic agents. An old cure for migraine, ergotamine, is well known to cause devastating nausea in some patients; a person using it for the first time will be prescribed an antiemetic for relief if needed.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

Nausea or "morning sickness" is common during early pregnancy but may occasionally continue into the second and third trimesters. In the first trimester nearly 80 % of women have some degree of nausea.{{cite journal | vauthors = Koch KL, Frissora CL | title = Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | journal = Gastroenterology Clinics of North America | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 201–34, vi | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12635417 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8553(02)00070-5 }} Pregnancy should therefore be considered as a possible cause of nausea in any sexually active woman of child-bearing age. While usually it is mild and self-limiting, severe cases known as hyperemesis gravidarum may require treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehan P | title = Hyperemesis gravidarum--assessment and management | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 698–701 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17885701 }}

A number of conditions involving balance such as motion sickness and vertigo can lead to nausea and vomiting.{{Cite journal |last=Lackner |first=James R. |date=2014 |title=Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting |journal=Experimental Brain Research |volume=232 |issue=8 |pages=2493–2510 |doi=10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8 |issn=0014-4819 |pmc=4112051 |pmid=24961738}}

Dysmenorrhea can cause nausea.{{cite journal | vauthors = Osayande AS, Mehulic S | title = Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 89 | issue = 5 | pages = 341–6 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24695505 }}

Nausea may be caused by depression, anxiety disorders and eating disorders.{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh P, Yoon SS, Kuo B | title = Nausea: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutics | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–112 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26770271 | pmc = 4699282 | doi = 10.1177/1756283X15618131 | type = Review }}

While most causes of nausea are not serious, some serious conditions are associated with nausea. These include pancreatitis, small bowel obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, Addisonian crisis, diabetic ketoacidosis, increased intracranial pressure, spontaneous intracranial hypotension, brain tumors, meningitis, heart attack, rabies,{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, Menon V, O'Neil BJ, Travers AH, Yannopoulos D | display-authors = 6 | title = Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care | journal = Circulation | volume = 122 | issue = 18 Suppl 3 | pages = S787-817 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20956226 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.110.971028 | doi-access = free }} carbon monoxide poisoning and many others.

Obstructing disorders

• Gastric outlet obstruction
• Small bowel obstruction
• Colonic obstruction
• Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Enteric infections

• Viral infection
• Bacterial infection

Inflammatory diseases

• Celiac disease
• Cholecystitis
• Pancreatitis
• Appendicitis
• Hepatitis

Sensorimotor dysfunction

• Gastroparesis
• Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Cyclic vomiting syndrome

Other

• Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
• Biliary colic
• Kidney stone
• Cirrhosis
• Abdominal irradiationHasler WL. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.

Cardiopulmonary

• Cardiomyopathy
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
• Paroxysmal cough

Inner-ear diseases

• Motion sickness
• Labyrinthitis
• Malignancy

Intracerebral disorders

• Malignancy
• Hemorrhage
• Abscess
• Hydrocephalus
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Rabies

Psychiatric illnesses

• Anorexia and bulimia nervosa
• Depression
• Drug withdrawal

Other

• Post-operative vomiting
• Nociception
• Altitude sickness
• Mast cell activation syndrome{{cite journal |vauthors=Valent P, Akin C, Nedoszytko B et al. |title=Diagnosis, Classification and Management of Mast Cell Activation Syndromes (MCAS) in the Era of Personalized Medicine |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=21 |issue=23 |date=2020-11-27 |doi=10.3390/ijms21239030 |pmc=7731385 |pmid=33261124 |pages=3 f |url=|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Afrin LB, Self S, Menk J, Lazarchick J |title=Characterization of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome |journal=The American Journal of the Medical Science |volume=353 |issue=3 |date=2017 |pages=207–215 |doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.013 |pmc=5341697 |pmid=28262205|url=|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Özdemir Ö, Kasımoğlu G, Bak A et al. |title=Mast cell activation syndrome: An up-to-date review of literature |journal=World J Clin Pediatr |date=2024-06-09 |volume=13 |issue=2 |doi=10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.92813 |pmc=11212760 |pmid=38948000 |url=|doi-access=free}}

Drugs

• Chemotherapy
• Antibiotics
• Antiarrhythmics
• Digoxin
• Oral hypoglycemic medications
• Oral contraceptives
• Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Endocrine/metabolic disease

• Pregnancy
• Uremia
• Ketoacidosis
• Thyroid and parathyroid disease
• Adrenal insufficiency

Toxins

• Liver failure
• Alcohol

Research on nausea and vomiting has relied on using animal models to mimic the anatomy and neuropharmacologic features of the human body.{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews PL, Horn CC | title = Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases | journal = Autonomic Neuroscience | volume = 125 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 100–15 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16556512 | pmc = 2658708 | doi = 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.008 | url = http://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702(06)00011-7/abstract | access-date = 2015-01-11 | archive-date = 2020-01-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200110182734/https://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702(06)00011-7/abstract | url-status = live }} The physiologic mechanism of nausea is a complex process that has yet to be fully elucidated. There are four general pathways that are activated by specific triggers in the human body that go on to create the sensation of nausea and vomiting.{{Cite book|title = Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine|last = Lien|first = C|publisher = McGraw HIll|year = 2012|location = New York, NY|pages = Chapter 217: Domains of Care: Physical Aspects of Care}}

• Central nervous system (CNS): Stimuli can affect areas of the CNS including the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. These areas are activated by elevated intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges (i.e. blood or infection), and extreme emotional triggers such as anxiety. The supratentorial region is also responsible for the sensation of nausea.
• Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ): The CTZ is located in the area postrema in the floor of the fourth ventricle within the brain. This area is outside the blood brain barrier, and is therefore readily exposed to substances circulating through the blood and cerebral spinal fluid. Common triggers of the CTZ include metabolic abnormalities, toxins, and medications. Activation of the CTZ is mediated by dopamine (D2) receptors, serotonin (5HT3) receptors, and neurokinin receptors (NK1).
• Vestibular system: This system is activated by disturbances to the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. These include movements that cause motion sickness and dizziness. This pathway is triggered via histamine (H1) receptors and acetylcholine (ACh) receptors.
• Peripheral Pathways: These pathways are triggered via chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as other organs such as the heart and kidneys. Common activators of these pathways include toxins present in the gastrointestinal lumen and distension of the gastrointestinal lumen from blockage or dysmotility of the bowels. Signals from these pathways travel via multiple neural tracts including the vagus, glossopharyngeal, splanchnic, and sympathetic nerves.

Signals from any of these pathways then travel to the brainstem, activating several structures including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and central pattern generator.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bashashati M, McCallum RW | title = Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 722 | pages = 79–94 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24161560 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075 }} These structures go on to signal various downstream effects of nausea and vomiting. The body's motor muscle responses involve halting the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and in fact causing reversed propulsion of gastric contents towards the mouth while increasing abdominal muscle contraction. Autonomic effects involve increased salivation and the sensation of feeling faint that often occurs with nausea and vomiting.

It has been described that alterations in heart rate can occur as well as the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary.{{cite journal | vauthors = Balaban CD, Yates BJ | title = What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views | journal = Autonomic Neuroscience | volume = 202 | pages = 5–17 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27450627 | doi = 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003 | pmc = 5203950 }}

Taking a thorough patient history may reveal important clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. If the patient's symptoms have an acute onset, then drugs, toxins, and infections are likely. In contrast, a long-standing history of nausea will point towards a chronic illness as the culprit. The timing of nausea and vomiting after eating food is an important factor to pay attention to. Symptoms that occur within an hour of eating may indicate an obstruction proximal to the small intestine, such as gastroparesis or pyloric stenosis. An obstruction further down in the intestine or colon will cause delayed vomiting. An infectious cause of nausea and vomiting such as gastroenteritis may present several hours to days after the food was ingested. The contents of the emesis is a valuable clue towards determining the cause. Bits of fecal matter in the emesis indicate obstruction in the distal intestine or the colon. Emesis that is of a bilious nature (greenish in color) localizes the obstruction to a point past the stomach. Emesis of undigested food points to an obstruction prior to the gastric outlet, such as achalasia or Zenker's diverticulum. If patient experiences reduced abdominal pain after vomiting, then obstruction is a likely etiology. However, vomiting does not relieve the pain brought on by pancreatitis or cholecystitis.

It is important to watch out for signs of dehydration, such as orthostatic hypotension and loss of skin turgor. Auscultation of the abdomen can produce several clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. A high-pitched tinkling sound indicates possible bowel obstruction, while a splashing "succussion" sound is more indicative of gastric outlet obstruction. Eliciting pain on the abdominal exam when pressing on the patient may indicate an inflammatory process. Signs such as papilledema, visual field losses, or focal neurological deficits are red flag signs for elevated intracranial pressure.

When a history and physical exam are not enough to determine the cause of nausea and vomiting, certain diagnostic tests may prove useful. A chemistry panel would be useful for electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities.{{Cite web|url=https://www.med.unc.edu/gi/faculty-staff-website/patient-education/patient-education/8IiiNausauVomitingOverviewACG.pdf|title=Nausea and Vomiting|last=Porter|first=Ryan|publisher=American College of Gastroenterology|website=Med.unc.edu|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328235736/http://www.med.unc.edu/gi/faculty-staff-website/patient-education/patient-education/8IiiNausauVomitingOverviewACG.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead}} Liver function tests and lipase would identify pancreaticobiliary diseases. Abdominal X-rays showing air-fluid levels indicate bowel obstruction, while an X-ray showing air-filled bowel loops are more indicative of ileus. More advanced imaging and procedures may be necessary, such as a CT scan, upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema, or MRI. Abnormal GI motility can be assessed using specific tests like gastric scintigraphy, wireless motility capsules, and small-intestinal manometry.

If dehydration is present due to loss of fluids from severe vomiting, rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions is preferred. If this is not effective or possible, intravenous rehydration may be required. Medical care is recommended if: a person cannot keep any liquids down, has symptoms more than 2 days, is weak, has a fever, has stomach pain, vomits more than two times in a day or does not urinate for more than 8 hours.{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000122.htm |title=When you have nausea and vomiting: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=Nlm.nih.gov |access-date=2014-03-20 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705050123/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000122.htm |url-status=live }}

Numerous pharmacologic medications are available for the treatment of nausea. There is no medication that is clearly superior to other medications for all cases of nausea.{{cite journal | vauthors = Furyk JS, Meek RA, Egerton-Warburton D | title = Drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in adults in the emergency department setting | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = CD010106 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26411330 | pmc = 6517141 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd010106.pub2 }} The choice of antiemetic medication may be based on the situation during which the person experiences nausea. For people with motion sickness and vertigo, antihistamines and anticholinergics such as meclizine and scopolamine are particularly effective.{{cite journal | vauthors = Flake ZA, Linn BS, Hornecker JR | title = Practical selection of antiemetics in the ambulatory setting | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 293–6 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25822385 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p293.html | access-date = 10 November 2015 | archive-date = 19 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140726/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p293.html | url-status = live }} Nausea and vomiting associated with migraine headaches respond best to dopamine antagonists such as metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, and chlorpromazine. In cases of gastroenteritis, serotonin antagonists such as ondansetron were found to suppress nausea and vomiting, as well as reduce the need for IV fluid resuscitation. The combination of pyridoxine and doxylamine is the first line treatment for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Dimenhydrinate is an inexpensive and effective over the counter medication for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Eberhart LH | title = Dimenhydrinate for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 238–44 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11939912 | doi = 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.t01-1-460303.x | s2cid = 22229281 }} Other factors to consider when choosing an antiemetic medication include the person's preference, side-effect profile, and cost.

Nabilone is also indicated for this purpose.

In certain people, cannabinoids may be effective in reducing chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ | title = Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review | journal = BMJ | volume = 323 | issue = 7303 | pages = 16–21 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11440936 | pmc = 34325 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16 }}{{cite web | url = http://www.drugpolicy.org/marijuana/medical/challenges/litigators/medical/conditions/nausea.cfm | title = Medicinal Uses of Marijuana: Nausea, Emesis and Appetite Stimulation | access-date = 2007-08-02 | year = 2001 | vauthors = ((Drug Policy Alliance)) | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070805041622/http://drugpolicy.org/marijuana/medical/challenges/litigators/medical/conditions/nausea.cfm | archive-date = 2007-08-05 }} Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in the advanced stages of illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.{{Cite web |title=Cannabis |url=https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/drugs-psychoactive/cannabis |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213171022/https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/cannabis/en/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, Keurentjes JC, Lang S, Misso K, Ryder S, Schmidlkofer S, Westwood M, Kleijnen J | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 313 | issue = 24 | pages = 2456–73 | date = 2015-06-23 | pmid = 26103030 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.6358 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10757/558499 | hdl-access = free }}

In hospital settings topical anti-nausea gels are not indicated because of lack of research backing their efficacy.{{Citation |author1 = American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine |author1-link = American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine |work = Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-academy-of-hospice-palliative-medicine/ |access-date = August 1, 2013 |archive-date = September 1, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130901101934/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-academy-of-hospice-palliative-medicine/ |url-status = live }}, which cites

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith TJ, Ritter JK, Poklis JL, Fletcher D, Coyne PJ, Dodson P, Parker G | title = ABH gel is not absorbed from the skin of normal volunteers | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 961–6 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22560361 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.05.017 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Weschules DJ | title = Tolerability of the compound ABHR in hospice patients | journal = Journal of Palliative Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 1135–43 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16351526 | doi = 10.1089/jpm.2005.8.1135 }} Topical gels containing lorazepam, diphenhydramine, and haloperidol are sometimes used for nausea but are not equivalent to more established therapies.

Ginger has also been shown to be potentially effective in treating several types of nausea.{{cite journal | vauthors = Marx WM, Teleni L, McCarthy AL, Vitetta L, McKavanagh D, Thomson D, Isenring E | title = Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic literature review | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 245–54 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23550785 | doi = 10.1111/nure.12016 | s2cid = 19187673 | url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59091/2/Ginger_Article_Nutrition_Reviews_Accepted_Version_%28Recovered%29.pdf | access-date = 2019-12-12 | archive-date = 2020-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200507235752/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59091/2/Ginger_Article_Nutrition_Reviews_Accepted_Version_%28Recovered%29.pdf | url-status = dead }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ernst E, Pittler MH | title = Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 367–71 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10793599 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442 | doi-access = free }}

The outlook depends on the cause. Most people recover within few hours or a day. While short-term nausea and vomiting are generally harmless, they may sometimes indicate a more serious condition. When associated with prolonged vomiting, it may lead to dehydration or dangerous electrolyte imbalances or both. Repeated intentional vomiting, characteristic of bulimia, can cause stomach acid to wear away at the enamel present on the teeth.{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/bulimia-nervosa/bulimia-nervosa-topic-overview|title=Bulimia Nervosa-Topic Overview|work=WebMD|access-date=26 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072924/http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/bulimia-nervosa/bulimia-nervosa-topic-overview|archive-date=25 July 2012}}

Nausea and or vomiting is the main complaint in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Britt H, Fahridin S | title = Presentations of nausea and vomiting | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 682–3 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17885697 | url = http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf | access-date = 2010-02-15 | archive-date = 2019-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf | url-status = dead }} However, only 25% of people with nausea visit their family physician. In Australia, nausea, as opposed to vomiting, occurs most frequently in persons aged 15–24 years, and is less common in other age groups.

• Cancer and nausea
• Vasodilation

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{{Medical resources

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R11.0}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|787.03}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| DiseasesDB =

| MedlinePlus = 003117

| MeshID=D009325

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{{Gastroenterology}}

{{Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen

Category:Vomiting