naxalism

The term Naxalite originated from the name of the village Naxalbari in West Bengal where an uprising of peasants occurred in 1967. The movement itself is referred to as "Naxalism" and the people engaged are termed as "Naxals" or "Naxalites". The term "Naxalism" is broadly applied to refer to all the communist insurgent movements.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Naxalite|title=Naxalite|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528095946/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Naxalite|url-status=live}} The groups are also commonly referred to as Maoists, as they are supportive of Maoist ideology.{{cite web |url=http://mccaine.org/2009/06/24/communists-fight-in-india/ |title=Communists Fight in India « Notes & Commentaries |date=24 June 2009 |work=Mccaine.org |access-date=13 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727073230/http://mccaine.org/2009/06/24/communists-fight-in-india/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}

{{See also|Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}

In 1967, a faction of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal called the "Siliguri group" wanted a protracted people's war in India similar to the Chinese Communist Revolution and Majumdar wrote the Historic Eight Documents which became the foundation of the Naxalite movement.{{cite web|title=The Naxalbari Uprising|url=http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/30%20years/part1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031003912/http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/publications/30%20years/part1.htm|archive-date=31 October 2010|access-date=2 May 2018|work=Banned Thought}}{{cite news|title=Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents|work=The Hindustan Times|date=9 May 2003 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221162344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html|archive-date=2016-12-21}} The party was part of a coalition government in West Bengal. Majumdar believed that the party would support his doctrine. Land minister Hare Krishna Konar had been supporting his rhetoric and said, "the militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme."{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Siddharthya|title=Half a Century of India's Maoist Insurgency|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/half-a-century-of-indias-maoist-insurgency/|access-date=12 November 2019|work=The Diplomat|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003220504/https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/half-a-century-of-indias-maoist-insurgency/|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Atul Kohli|title=From breakdown to order: West Bengal|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564765-3|author-link=Atul Kohli|page=348}}

The Naxalbari uprising occurred in 1967 when farmers in Naxalbari, West Bengal, revolted with the support of the CPI-M. The event began the first wave of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency, and influenced later waves. According to historian Sumanta Banerjee, there "can be no doubt that Naxalbari was a watershed in the recent history of India.... Most of the progressive trends in social activism today can be traced indirectly to the issues raised by or associated with the Naxalite movement in 1967."{{Cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Jonathan |last2=Purushotham |first2=Sunil |date=2012 |title=Beyond Naxalbari: A Comparative Analysis of Maoist Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Independent India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23274553 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=832–862 |doi=10.1017/S0010417512000436 |jstor=23274553 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}

In November 1967, a group led by Sushital Ray Chowdhury organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR).{{cite book|author=Mukherjee, Arun|title=Maoist "spring thunder": the Naxalite movement 1967–1972|date=2007|publisher=K.P. Bagchi|isbn=978-8-17074-303-3|page=295}} Mao Zedong provided ideological inspiration for the movement. He advocated that Indian peasants and lower class tribals overthrow the government of the upper classes by force.{{cite web|date=22 February 2018|title=History of Naxalism|work=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222151700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=8 December 2019}} Many urban elites were attracted to the ideology, which spread through Majumdar's writings. These writings essayed from the opinions of communist leaders and theorists such as Mao, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin.

The uprising led to the formation of Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI-ML) in April 1969, which was announced by Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta.{{cite news|last=Rao|first=Shamanth|date=10 March 2011|title=The remains of Naxalbari|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qILQtLkiUnpvkRP9v3aV3O/The-remains-of-Naxalbari.html|access-date=27 May 2021|work=Live Mint}} It inspired similar movements in states like Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.{{cite news|date=26 June 2015|title=From Naxalbari to Nalgonda|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150626152543/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500470400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=30 July 2021|newspaper=The Hindu}} In 1971, Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and split the CPI-ML into two, forming a separate provisional committee.{{cite book|author=Mohanty, Manoranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da2NAAAAMAAJ|title=Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1977|page=120}}

Naxalism gained popularity among student groups in Calcutta.{{cite book|author=Judith Vidal-Hall|title=Naxalites|pages=73–75|publisher=Index on Censorship|volume=35|year=2006}} Students left school to join the Naxalites and Majumdar declared that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. He also declared an "annihilation line" and issued a dictum to assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, teachers, police officers, politicians and others.{{cite news|author=Sen, Antara Dev |date=25 March 2010|title=A true leader of the unwashed masses|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_a-true-leader-of-the-unwashed-masses_1363010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107190230/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-true-leader-of-the-unwashed-masses-1363010|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|author=Dasgupta, Biplab|year=1973|title=Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=1973|pages=173–188 |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/5813146ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127164644/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/5813146ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2011|url-status=dead}}

With the support of the government of India, Operation Steeplechase was launched with the aid of the paramilitary forces of the Indian Armed Forces, which resulted in the killing and imprisoning of suspected Naxalites and their cadres, including senior leaders.{{cite book|last1=Lawoti|first1=Mahendra|title=The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century|last2=Pahari|first2=Anup Kumar|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-1-135-26168-9|location=London|page=208|chapter=Part V: Military and state dimension|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208}}{{cite book|last=Pandita|first=Rahul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ83V3JLXFMC&pg=PA23|title=Hello, Bastar : The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement|publisher=Westland|year=2011|isbn=978-9-38065-834-6|pages=23–24|oclc=754482226}} In July 1972, Majumdar was arrested by the West Bengal Police and he later died in police custody.{{cite web|title=The last of the three|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 March 2010|access-date=1 June 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006095256/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=9 May 2003|title=Charu Majumdar -- The Father of Naxalism|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html|access-date=12 January 2022|work=The Hindustan Times|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124180520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html|url-status=live}} After his death, the CPI-ML split into further factions such as the Mahadev Mukherjee faction and the CPI-ML Liberation in 1972.{{cite web|title=History of Naxalism|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|work=The Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814222816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2016}} By 1973, the main leaders of the Naxalites were either eliminated or arrested.{{cite book|author=K.P. Singh|title=The Trajectory of the Movement in The Naxal Challenge: Causes, Linkages and Policy Options|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=2008|pages=10–11}}{{cite book|author=Anup K. Pahari|title=Unequal Rebellions: The Continuum of 'People's War' in Nepal and India|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|pages=208–210}} As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism and the original party fractured into more than 40 separate small groups.{{cite book|author=P.V. Ramana|title=India's Maoist Insurgency: Evolution, Current Trends, and Responses|editor=Michael Kugelman|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center|year=2011|pages=138–141}} Naxalite organisations and groups were declared as terrorist organisations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426151124/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125074700/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|url-status=live}}

The late 1970s saw the spread of Naxalism to other states of India.{{cite news|date=22 August 1970|title=Naxalite violence continues in Calcutta|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700822&printsec=frontpage|access-date=10 April 2017|website=The Indian Express|page=7}} By 1980, it was estimated that around 30 Naxalite groups were active, with a combined membership of 30,000 members.{{cite book|author=Singh, Prakash|title=The Naxalite Movement in India|publisher=Rupa & Co.|year=1999|page=101}} In South India, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War was founded by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah in 1980.{{cite journal|title=India's Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III|url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-22.pdf|journal=Institute for National Strategic Studies}} The People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, the armed wing of the CPI-M, was founded in 2000.{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/india/35868361_1_mass-contact-programmes-people-s-liberation-guerrilla-army-plga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/india/35868361_1_mass-contact-programmes-people-s-liberation-guerrilla-army-plga|url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2013|title=CPI (Maoist) marks PLGA anniversary with mass contact programmes|date=17 December 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2013}}

The Maoist movement began in the late 1960s as a conflict between the tribal peasants and the land owners. This was attributed to a failure of the Indian government to implement constitutional reforms to provide for tribal autonomy with respect to natural resources on their lands, implement the land ceiling laws to limit the land possessed by the landlords and distribute the excess land to landless farmers and labourers.{{cite web|author=E.N. Rammohan|date=16 July 2012|title=Unleash The Good Force|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/unleash-the-good-force/281554|access-date=26 April 2017|work=Outlook|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803125945/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/unleash-the-good-force/281554|url-status=live}} According to Maoist sympathisers, the Indian constitution "ratified colonial policy and made the state custodian of tribal homelands" and turned tribal populations into squatters on their own land, denying them their traditional rights to forest produce.{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|date=27 March 2010|title=Gandhi, but with guns: Part One|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/mar/27/arundhati-roy-india-tribal-maoists-1|access-date=26 April 2017|work=The Guardian|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009165559/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/mar/27/arundhati-roy-india-tribal-maoists-1|url-status=live}} Tribal communities participated in Naxalism probably as a means of push back against structural violence by the state, including the usage of land for the purposes of mineral extraction.{{cite book|title=Shifting perspectives in tribal studies : from an anthropological approach to interdisciplinarity and consilience|date=25 June 2019|others=Behera, M. C., 1959|isbn=978-9-811-38090-7|location=Singapore|oclc=1105928010}}

Impoverished areas with no electricity, running water, or poor healthcare provided by the state probably accepted social services from Naxalite groups, and gave their support to the Naxal cause in return.{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Alpa|date=2013-08-01|title=The intimacy of insurgency: beyond coercion, greed or grievance in Maoist India|journal=Economy and Society|volume=42|issue=3|pages=480–506|doi=10.1080/03085147.2013.783662|issn=0308-5147|s2cid=143716444}} The state's absence allowed the Naxalites to become the legitimate authority in these areas by performing state-like functions, including enacting policies of redistribution and building infrastructure for irrigation.{{cite journal|last=Walia|first=H.S.|date=2018-04-25|title=The Naxal Quagmire in Bihar & Jharkhand – Genesis & Sustenance|journal=Learning Community|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.30954/2231-458X.01.2018.7|doi-access=free}} Testimonies from people and surveys by government officials and journalists have highlighted the protective and developmental work in the villages as a result of Naxalism.{{cite magazine |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |date=20 September 2010 |title=The Trickledown Revolution |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-trickledown-revolution/267040 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201839/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-trickledown-revolution/267040 |url-status=live }} Healthcare initiatives such as malaria vaccination drives and medical units in areas without doctors or hospitals have also been documented.{{cite book|last=Santanama|title=Jangalnama: Inside the Maoist Guerrilla Zone|publisher=Penguin|year=2010|isbn=9780143414452|location=New Delhi}}{{Cite book|last=Pandita, Rahul.|title=Hello, Bastar : the untold story of India's Maoist movement|date=2011|publisher=Tranquebar Press|isbn=978-9-380-65834-6|location=Chennai|oclc=754482226}}

As per an Indian government report, it was indicated that the Maoists "prevent the common villager's powerlessness over the neglect or violation of protective laws...[from] a trader who might be paying an exploitative rate for forest produce, or a contractor who is violating the minimum wage." It also mentions that the developmental work done by the Maoists including "mobilizing community labour for farm ponds, rainwater harvesting, and land conservation works in the Dandakaranya region, which villagers testified had improved their crops and improved their food security situation."{{cite web|last1=Dandekar |first1=Ajay |last2=Choudhury |first2=Chitrangada |date=January 2010 |title=PESA, Left-Wing Extremism and Governance: Concerns and Challenges in India's Tribal Districts |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265000754}} A 2010 case study in the Economic and Political Weekly taken from 200 Maoist-affected districts in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, intended to investigate the government's initiative to increase employment in these Maoist-affected areas. It found that the claims of the government that the Maoists blocked developmental schemes were not valid and the Maoists were responsible for the enforcement of minimum wages in the areas.{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Kaustav |author1-link=Kaustav Banerjee |last2=Saha |first2=Partha |date=10 July 2010 |title=The NREGA, the Maoists and the Developmental Woes of the Indian State |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/28/perspectives/nrega-maoists-and-developmental-woes-indian-state.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=28 |pages=42–47 |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201849/https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/28/perspectives/nrega-maoists-and-developmental-woes-indian-state.html |url-status=live }} Although Naxalite groups engaged in coercion to increase membership, the experience of poverty when contrasted with the state's economic growth, could have created an appeal for the Naxal ideology and incentivised the tribal communities to join the Naxal movements out of "moral solidarity".

{{see also | List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India }}

The Naxalites focused on the idea of a revolutionary personality while recruiting people to the organisation, which was termed as necessary for maintaining and establishing loyalty among the Naxalites by Charu Majumdar. During the early years of the movement, he believed that the essential characteristics of a recruit must be selflessness and the ability to self-sacrifice, and in order to produce such a specific personality, the organisation recruited students and youth. In addition to entrenching loyalty and a revolutionary personality within these new insurgents, the Naxalites chose the youth also because of other reasons. These were mostly students and it was necessary to include educated youth as these recruits would then be involved in spreading the communist teachings of Mao Zedong. In order to expand their base, the movement relied on these students to spread the communist philosophy to the uneducated rural and working-class communities. Majumdar also believed that it necessary to recruit youth who would be able to integrate themselves with the peasantry and working classes, and by living and working in similar conditions to these lower-class communities, these recruits could carry the communist teachings to the villages and urban centres.{{cite journal|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Rajeshwari|year=2006|title=UC Berkeley Library Proxy Login|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=41|issue=19|pages=1920–1927|jstor=4418215}}

The Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan is a feminist organisation that was formed in 1986 as a result of the party's acknowledgment of extreme inequality against women, both within the party itself and among the tribal villages the party aimed to protect. They campaigned against the tribal tradition of forced marriage, bigamy and violence along with peasant rights.{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |author-link=Arundhati Roy |date=25 October 2011 |title=Walking with the Comrades}} However, Shobha Mandi, a former member who later quit the organisation, wrote in her book Ek Maowadi Ki Diary that she was repeatedly raped and assaulted by her fellow commanders for more than seven years since she wanted to quit. She also claimed that wife-swapping and adultery are the common amongst the Maoists.{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/former-woman-maoist-lays-bare-the-full-of-adultery-naxal-culture-166080-2013-06-08|title=Wife-swapping, adultery, rapes.Former woman Maoist's shocking revelations on the ultras|date=8 June 2013|work=India Today|access-date=8 June 2023}} The Naxalites claim that physical violence and sexual mutilation have been directed at their members by the police and the Salwa Judum, which had forced them to join the group.

Naxalites conduct detailed socio-economic surveys before operating in a target area and depend on diverse resources.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247|title=India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India|newspaper=The Economist|date=12 April 2006|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523074605/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247 |archive-date=23 May 2010}} Studies have indicated correlation between the core area of insurgency and the areas with extensive natural resources.{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html|title=South Asia news – Hidden civil war drains India's energy|work=Asia Times|date=9 August 2006|access-date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040548/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=unfit}} The mining industry is a major financial source, wherein they collect about 3% of the profits from each mining company that operates in the areas under Naxal control as a means to continue mining operations and for "protection" services which allows miners to work without having to worry about Naxalite attacks.{{cite report|last=Hoelscher|first=Kristian|title=Hearts and Mines: A District-Level Analysis of the Maoist Conflict in India|url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/awi/professuren/intwipol/india.pdf|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=University of Heidelberg|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009170042/https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/awi/professuren/intwipol/india.pdf|url-status=live}} A 2006 report indicated that the Maoists extorted about {{INRconvert|14|b}} annually.{{cite report|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/SAM_140_0.pdf|title=A Modern Insurgency: India's Evolving Naxalite Problem|access-date=8 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810022222/http://csis.org/files/publication/SAM_140_0.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2010}} The organisation also funds itself through the drug trade, where it cultivates psychoactive plants such as marijuana and opium, which are then distributed throughout the country by middlemen who work on behalf of the Naxalites. About 40% of Naxal funding comes through the cultivation and distribution of opium.{{cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Om|year=2015|title=Funding Pattern of Naxal Movement in India|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=76|pages=900–907|jstor=44156660}} A surrendered Naxal claimed that they spent some of the money on public infrastructure while the rest is used for the sustenance of the group.{{cite news|title=Confessions of a surrendered Naxal: 'Why I joined, why I renounced'|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/confessions-of-a-surrendered-naxal-why-i-joined-why-i-renounced/articleshow/65920343.cms?from=mdr|access-date=1 June 2024|date=30 July 2021|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916145927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/confessions-of-a-surrendered-naxal-why-i-joined-why-i-renounced/articleshow/65920343.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} In 2011, the Indian police accused the Chinese government of providing sanctuary to the movement's leaders, and claimed that the Pakistani ISI was providing financial support.{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cops-nail-China-link-with-Naxals/articleshow/10273433.cms|title=Cops nail China link with Naxals|access-date=31 December 2011|date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429202043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-08/delhi/30257863_1_maoist-cadres-pla-training-camps|archive-date=29 April 2013|url-status=live|newspaper=The Times of India}}

• Kaattu Vithachavar is a 2018 Malayalam film about the Emergency period mentioning the Naxal movement and uprisings, police brutality, Uruttal, Kakkayam torture camp and the famous Rajan case, who was falsely arrested as a Naxal terrorist.

{{reflist}}

{{Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}

{{India separatist movements}}

{{Maoism}}

Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Category:Maoism

Category:Maoism in India

Category:Left-wing terrorism

Category:Terrorism in India

Category:1967 establishments in India

Category:Politics of Bihar

Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh

Category:Politics of Jharkhand

Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh

Category:Politics of Maharashtra

Category:Politics of West Bengal

Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh