neoclassical realism

While holding true to the realist concept of balance of power, neoclassical realism adds that states' inability to perceive one another accurately, and/or state leaders' inability to mobilize state power and public support, can result in suboptimal foreign policy, the rise and fall of great powers, and war. There are four variations of a state's balancing behavior:

• Appropriate balancing occurs when a state correctly perceives another state's intentions and balances accordingly. Neoclassical realists disagree whether this optimal behavior is fairly standard or actually quite rare. Ripsman, Taliaferro and Lobell suggest that whether states correctly perceive their international environment may depend, for example, on the relative level, clarity and directness of existing threats.
• Overbalancing occurs when a state incorrectly perceives another state as threatening, and uses more resources than it needs to in order to balance.
• Underbalancing occurs when a state fails to balance, out of either inefficiency or incorrectly perceiving a state as less of threat than it actually is.
• Nonbalancing occurs when a state avoids balancing through buck passing, bandwagoning, or other escapes. A state may choose to do this for a number of reasons, including an inability to balance.

According to Nicholas Ross Smith of University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Neoclassical realism has primarily been criticized for its "apparent ontological and epistemological incoherence".{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Nicholas Ross|date=2018-02-27|title=Can Neoclassical Realism Become a Genuine Theory of International Relations?|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=80|issue=2|pages=742–749|doi=10.1086/696882|s2cid=158100552|issn=0022-3816}} A 1995 study criticized Neoclassical realism for encompassing "nearly the entire universe of international relations theory" and stretching realism "beyond all recognition or utility."{{Cite journal|last1=Legro|first1=Jeffrey W.|author-link=Jeffrey W. Legro|last2=Moravcsik|first2=Andrew|date=2006-03-29|title=Is Anybody Still a Realist?|journal=International Security|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=5–55|doi=10.1162/016228899560130|s2cid=10474923}} According to Stephen Walt of the Kennedy School at Harvard University, one of the chief flaws in Neoclassical realism is that it "tends to incorporate domestic variables in an ad hoc manner, and its proponents have yet to identify when these variables have greater or lesser influence".{{Cite book|title=The enduring relevance of the realist tradition.|last=Walt|first=Stephen M|date=2002|publisher=W.W. Norton Company|location=New York|language=English|oclc = 746955865}}

Neoclassical realism has been used to explain a number of puzzling foreign policy cases, such as the volatility in South Korea-Japan relations,{{Cite journal|last=Cha|first=Victor D.|date=2000|title=Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea|jstor=3013998|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=44|issue=2|pages=261–291|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00158|doi-access=free}} Fascist Italy's foreign policy,{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=The Roots of Revisionism: Fascist Italy, 1922-39|journal=Security Studies|volume=11|issue=4|pages=125–159|doi=10.1080/714005356|last1=Davidson|first1=Jason W.|s2cid=144058773}} Slobodan Milosevic's decision-making during the 1999 Kosovo crisis,{{Cite journal|last=Devlen|first=Balkan|title=Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Crises|url=https://www.academia.edu/1829975|language=en}} the occurrence of the Cod Wars between Iceland and the United Kingdom,{{Cite journal|last=Steinsson|first=Sverrir|date=2017-07-01|title=Neoclassical Realism in the North Atlantic: Explaining Behaviors and Outcomes in the Cod Wars|url=https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article/13/3/599/3075280|journal=Foreign Policy Analysis|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=599–617|doi=10.1093/fpa/orw062|issn=1743-8586|url-access=subscription}} and Iran's foreign policy choices after the American invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.{{Cite book|url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=25005|title=Squandered Opportunity: Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy {{!}} Thomas Juneau|last=Press|first=Stanford University|website=www.sup.org|date=6 May 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804793056 |language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}} Proponents of the theory argue that the theory is particularly valuable in explaining cases that fly in the face of other international relations theories, due to its incorporation of domestic variables.{{Cite book |last1=Ripsman |first1=Norrin M. |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/neoclassical-realist-theory-of-international-politics-9780199899234?cc=is&lang=en& |title=Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics |last2=Taliaferro |first2=Jeffrey W. |last3=Lobell |first3=Steven E. |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199899234 |location=Oxford, New York |author-link=Norrin M. Ripsman}}

Persons mentioned as neoclassical realists, and the year of the release of the work associated with this classification include:Baylis, John, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens (eds.) The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations.(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) p.231

• Jack Snyder (1991)
• William Wohlforth (1993)
• Thomas J. Christensen (1996)
• Jennifer Sterling-Folker (1997)
• Gideon Rose (1998)
• Randall Schweller (1998)
• Fareed Zakaria (1998)
• Robert Jervis (1999)
• Anders Wivel (2005)
• Colin Dueck (2006)
• Jeffrey W. Taliaferro (2006 )
• Norrin Ripsman (2009)
• Steven Lobell (2009){{Cite book | url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/neoclassical-realist-theory-of-international-politics-9780199899234?cc=is&lang=en& | isbn=9780199899234| title=Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics| publisher=Oxford University Press| date=2016-05-26}}
• Asle Toje (2010)
• Tom Dyson (2010)
• Nicholas Kitchen (2010)
• Yan Xuetong (2011)
• Robert Wishart (2013)
• Michiel Foulon (2015)
• Elias Götz (2019)
• Henrik Larsen (2019) {{Cite book | url=https://www.routledge.com/NATOs-Democratic-Retrenchment-Hegemony-After-the-Return-of-History/Larsen/p/book/9781138585287 | isbn=9781138585287| title=Nato's Democratic Retrenchment: Hegemony after the Return of History| publisher=Routledge| date=2019-07-02}}
• Gustav Meibauer (2020)

• War termination

{{Reflist}}

{{Library resources box}}

• Christensen, Thomas. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 (Princeton: University Press, 1996)
• Dyson, Tom. "Neoclassical Realism and Defence Reform in Post-Cold War Europe" (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
• Foulon, Michiel, 2015. "Neoclassical Realism: Challengers and Bridging Identities". International Studies Review.
• Götz, Elias, 2021. "Neoclassical Realist Theories, Intervening Variables, and Paradigmatic Boundaries". Foreign Policy Analysis.
• [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43067499_Systemic_Pressures_and_Domestic_Ideas_A_Neoclassical_Realist_Model_of_Grand_Strategy_Formation Kitchen, Nicholas. ‘Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation’, Review of International Studies, 36 no. 1 (2010), 117-143.]
• Lobell, Steven E.; Ripsman, Norrin M. and Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. (eds.) Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy(Cambridge: University Press, 2009)
• Meibauer, Gustav, 2020."Interests, Ideas and the Study of State Behaviour in Neoclassical Realism." Review of International Studies.
• Meibauer, Gustav, Linde Desmaele, Tudor Onea, Nicholas Kitchen, Michiel Foulon, Alexander Reichwein, Jennifer Sterling-Folker, 2020. "Forum: Rethinking Neoclassical Realism at Theory's End." International Studies Review.
• Rose, Gideon. "Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy," World Politics, 51 (October 1998), pp. 144–172
• [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/696882 Smith, Nicholas Ross. "Can Neoclassical Realism Become a Genuine Theory of International Relations?," The Journal of Politics 2018]
• Schweller, Randall. "Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power (Princeton: University Press, 2006)
• Sterling-Folker, Jennifer, 1997. "Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables". International Studies Quarterly.
• Toje, Asle and Kunz, Barbara (eds.) Neoclassical Realism in European Politics: Bringing Power Back In (Manchester: University Press, 2012)
• William Wohlforth. The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993)
• Zakaria, Fareed. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role (Princeton: University Press, 1998)

{{International relations theories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neoclassical Realism}}

Category:International relations

Category:Political realism