netball

Netball's development traces back to American sports teacher Clara Gregory Baer's misinterpretation of the basketball rule book in 1895. The book had lines of patrol drawn on it and she interpreted this to mean that players had to stay in those zones.{{cite web | url=http://www.netball.org/Netball.aspx?id=18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306141537/http://www.netball.org/Netball.aspx?id=18 | archive-date=6 March 2011 | title=IFNA : Development : History of Netball }} Baer's modifications proliferated and were later officially ratified into the rules for women's basketball by 1899. Martina Bergman-Österberg had also introduced basketball to her female students at her Physical Training College in England in 1893. In the beginning it was also described as "women's basketball", but by 1897 it started to evolve into a distinctly separate sport based on modifications developed at Bergman-Österberg's college combined with Baer's rules.

The first codified rules of Bergman-Österberg's new sport, netball, were then published in 1901. By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later renamed World Netball, was formed to be the sport's international governing body.

Netball differs in many ways from basketball, principally in the absence of the backboards from the hoop or goal ring and the prohibition of dribbling, bouncing, and running while in possession of the ball. Physical player contact is more controlled than in basketball. In addition, netball not only identifies the different positions of its players, but also defines where and in which areas of the court specific players are allowed to be when they compete.

{{Main|Rules of netball}}

File:Netball field diagram -en.svg

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition. Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking "shooting circle" shoots the ball through the goal ring. The goal rings are {{convert|380|mm}} in diameter and sit atop {{convert|3.05|m|adj=on}}-high goal posts that have no backboards. The {{convert|4.9|m|adj=on}}-radius semi-circular shooting circles are located at each end of the court, and contain the goal posts. Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.{{cite web |author=Netball Australia |title=Court & venue specifications |publisher=Netball Australia |url=http://www.netball.asn.au/extra.asp?id=29&OrgID=1&menu=10706 |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227072539/http://netball.asn.au//extra.asp?id=29&OrgID=1&menu=10706 |archive-date=27 February 2011}} The netball court is {{convert|30.5|m}} long, {{convert|15.25|m}} wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds. The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures {{convert|680|to|710|mm}} in circumference (≈{{convert|22|cm}} in diameter), and weighs {{convert|397|to|454|g}}.{{harvnb|Murrary|2008|p=186}}{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=6}} A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=5}} and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.

Each team is allowed seven players on the court.{{cite web |author=International Netball |url=http://www.internationalnetball.com/netball_rules.html |title=netball rules |date=September 2006 |publisher=International Netball |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227083652/http://www.internationalnetball.com/netball_rules.html |archive-date=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead }} Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court. A "bib" worn by each player contains a one- or two-letter abbreviation indicating this position.{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=7}} Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal. Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle to prevent the opposition from shooting goals. Other players are restricted to two-thirds of the court, with the exception of the centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.{{harvnb|Hickey|Navin|2007|p=34}}

File:Australia v England Netball in Canberra 002.ogv held in Canberra]]

At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court. These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass. The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xiii}}{{harvnb|Slade|2009|p=98}}

The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court. Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time. It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.

Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play. When defending a pass or shot players must be at least {{convert|90|cm}} away from the player with the ball. If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.{{harvnb|Hickey|Navin|2007|p=31}} If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|pp=15–19}}

Aside from the court and nets, netball uses a ball that is around 70 cm in circumference and weighs 400 to 450 grams. Balls are made from leather, rubber, or similar material.

A player typically wears a jersey or tank top with a skort or shorts. Players may alternatively wear specialist one-piece netball dresses, particularly at higher levels. These are accompanied by socks and trainers. Specialist netball dresses and jerseys usually have Velcro to attach a fabric patch bearing their position letter(s), which can instead be worn on bibs when wearing clothes without Velcro.

{{Main|History of netball}}

Netball's early development emerged from Clara Baer's misinterpretation of the early rules of James Naismith's new sport of basketball, and eventually evolved into its own sport. Basketball, invented in 1891, was initially played indoors between two teams of nine players, using an association football that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets.{{harvnb|Grundy|Shackelford|2007|p=13}} Naismith's game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged.

At the same time, physical education instructor Senda Berenson developed modified rules for women in 1892. Berenson's rules eventually gave rise to women's basketball, and separate intercollegiate rules for basketball for men and women developed around the same time.{{cite journal |last1=Jobling |first1=Ian |last2=Barham |first2=Pamela |title=The Development of Netball and the All-Australia Women's Basketball Association (AAWBBA): 1891–1939 |journal=Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=November 1991|pages=30–48 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161344/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/1991/st0801/st0801e.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}

Clara Baer was a sports teacher living in New Orleans when she wrote to Naismith asking for a copy of the rules for his game of basketball. Once she received them, they included a diagram of the court with lines across it which were meant to show the areas various players could best patrol. She misinterpreted the lines and believed they marked out restricted areas of play which players could not leave. Her mistake marks the beginning of netball. Baer's version for the rules of women's basketball defined these areas as restricted zones, an error which then became ratified into the rules for women's basketball in 1899 and proliferated.{{cite web |url=https://netball.sport/game/history-of-netball |title=History of netball |website=netball.sport|author= |date= |access-date=26 May 2022|publisher=World Netball|language=en}}

File:1910 Bournville Club Netball.jpg playing netball on a grass court, 1910]]

Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced a version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at the Physical Training College in Hampstead, London.{{harvnb|McIntosh|1968|p=292}} The rules of the game were modified at the college over several years: the game moved outdoors and was played on grass; the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; and in 1897 and 1899, rules from women's basketball in the United States were incorporated.{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|1976|p=13}} Österberg's new sport acquired the name "net ball".{{cite web |author=England Netball |title=History of England Netball (1891–2008) |url=http://www.englandnetball.co.uk/about-england-netball/history_of_england_netball |access-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151135/https://www.englandnetball.co.uk/about-england-netball/history_of_england_netball |archive-date=19 July 2011}} The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association, later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom.{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Tracy |title=Gendering Sport: The Development of Netball in Australia |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/2001/st1801/ST1801i.pdf |journal=Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History |volume=18 |issue=1 |date=November 2001 |pages=57–74 |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402011719/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingTraditions/2001/st1801/ST1801i.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{harvnb|Summers|2007|p=165}} From England, netball spread to other countries in the British Empire. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around 1900 and in New Zealand from 1906,{{cite web |author=Netball New Zealand |title=History |url=http://www.mynetball.co.nz/netball-nz/about-netball/111-history.html |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=8 March 2011 }} while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.{{cite web |author=Jamaica Netball Association |title=The History of Netball |url=http://jamaicanetball.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=74 |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318105216/http://www.jamaicanetball.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=74 |archive-date=18 March 2011}}

File:Netball NZ 1920s.jpg, circa 1920s.]]

From the start, it was considered socially appropriate for women to play netball; netball's restricted movement appealed to contemporary notions of women's participation in sports, and the sport was distinct from potential rival male sports.{{harvnb|McCrone|1988|pp=148–9}} Netball became a popular women's sport in countries where it was introduced and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century,{{cite web |author=School Sport Australia |title=Netball |url=http://www.schoolsport.edu.au/about/sportinfo/netball.aspx |year=2011 |access-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309011101/https://www.schoolsport.edu.au/about/sportinfo/netball.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2011}}{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Netball Weekly Roundup |url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=441 |date=10 December 2010e |access-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314004800/http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=441 |archive-date=14 March 2011}} and in 1924 the first national governing body was established in New Zealand. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia hosted New Zealand in the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938; Australia won 40–11. Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later the International Netball Federation (INF), was formed to administer the sport worldwide.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=About IFNA |url=http://www.netball.org/ifna.aspx |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308132327/http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx |archive-date=8 March 2011}}

Representatives from England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the West Indies were part of a 1960 meeting in Sri Lanka that standardised the rules for the game.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |date=15 June 2008 |title=History of Netball |url=http://www.netball.org/Netball.aspx?id=18 |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306141537/http://www.netball.org/netball.aspx?id=18 |archive-date=6 March 2011}} The game spread to other African countries in the 1970s.{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2002|p=120}}{{Cite news |author=BNSC |title=Botswana Netball Association |publisher=BNSC |url=http://www.bnsc.co.bw/bnsc-sports.php?sports_name=10 |date=11 May 2011 |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162755/http://www.bnsc.co.bw/bnsc-sports.php?sports_name=10 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} South Africa was prohibited from competing internationally from 1969 to 1994 due to apartheid.{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=33}}{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=99}} In the United States, Netball's popularity also increased during the 1970s, particularly in the New York area, and the United States of America Netball Association was created in 1992.{{cite web |author =United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc. |publisher =United States of America Netball Association |title =History of the USANA |url =http://www.usanetball.org/AboutUs/HistoryOfUSANA.aspx |year =2010 |access-date =13 March 2011 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110316173739/http://www.usanetball.org/AboutUs/HistoryOfUSANA.aspx |archive-date =16 March 2011}} The game also became popular in the Pacific Island nations of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s.{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}} Netball Singapore was created in 1962,{{cite web |author=Netball Singapore |year=2011 |title=About Us |url=http://www.netball.org.sg/about-us |access-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301100412/http://www.netball.org.sg/about-us |archive-date=1 March 2011}} and the Malaysian Netball Association was created in 1978.{{Cite news |author=Netball Asia |title=Malaysia |publisher=Netball Asia |url=http://www.netballasia.com/index.php?id=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100625/http://www.netballasia.com/index.php?id=25 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2011 |year=2011 |access-date=24 March 2011 }}

In Australia, the term women's basketball was used to refer to both netball and basketball.{{harvnb|Pollard|1968|p=59}} During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement arose to change the Australian name of the game from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay the costs involved to alter the name, but the netball organisation rejected the change. In 1970, the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed the name to "netball" in Australia.

In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it later became known as the World Netball Championships.{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|1976|p=19}} Following the first tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris, declared,{{Blockquote|England could learn from the mistakes in the past from the empty stands at Eastbourne. To get the right publicity and the right status desired, the game must emerge from the school playground. Netball should be part of a sports centre where social events could also be held.}}

The World Netball Championships have been held every four years since then. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee recognized the International Federation of Netball Associations. Three years later netball debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, including the Nations Cup and the Asian Netball Championship.{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/nors.htm|title=Norminshah Sabirin|publisher=Olympic Council of Malaysia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022064519/https://www.olympic.org.my/museum/hof/ind/nors.htm|archive-date=22 October 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=147|title=Singapore victorious in 4 Nations Netball Cu|date=23 December 2006|publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations|access-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121636/https://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=147|archive-date=27 September 2011}}

The sport was created for girls and women and remains most popular among this demographic, with women's netball at elite and national levels receiving outside funding. Though male netball teams exist in some areas, men's and mixed-sex teams are largely self-funded. Men's netball started to grow in Australia during the 1980s, with the first men's championship being held in 1985.{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=409}}{{cite web |last=Turk |first=Peter |title=History of Men's Netball |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-2729-0-0-0&sID=26574 |publisher=International Mens and Mixed Netball Challenge Cup |access-date=24 August 2011 }} Other countries with men's national teams include Canada, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=411}}

File:Mixed netball Brisbane.jpg.]]

In 2004, New Zealand and Fiji sent teams to compete in the Australian Mixed and Men's National Championships. By 2006, mixed netball teams in Australia had as many male participants as rugby union.{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=4}}{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/SPORT/10/07/rugby.wcup.bground/|title=Humble start spawns global giant|newspaper=CNN|author= Craig Francis|date=9 October 2003}}

An all-transgender netball team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 Gay Games in New York City.{{harvnb|Altman|2001|p=100}} The team had been the Indonesian national champions.

At the Gay Games VI in Sydney in 2000, netball and volleyball were the two sports with the highest rates of transgender athletes participating.{{harvnb|Symons|Hemphill|2006|p=122}} There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgender. They came from places like Palm Island in northern Queensland, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. Teams with transgender players were allowed to participate in several divisions including men's, mixed and transgender; they were not allowed to compete against women's teams.

{{Main|Indoor netball}}

File:Indoor Netball Finals 2014 - Last Quarter.webm

Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is often surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, permitting faster play by reducing playing stoppages.{{harvnb|Alswang|2003|p=2}}

Different forms of indoor netball exist. In a seven-per-side version called "action netball", seven players per team play most standard rules, except a game is split into fifteen-minute halves around a three-minute break. This version is played in Australia,{{cite web |title=Indoor Netball Australia Rule Book |author=Indoor Netball Australia |year=2003 |url=http://www.indoornetball.org.au/images/stories/rules/INARULEBOOK_V2010.PDF |access-date=7 March 2011 }} New Zealand,{{cite web |author=New Zealand Indoor Netball |title=7-a-side Indoor Netball Official Rule Book |url=http://www.nzindoorsports.org.nz/fileadmin/templates/rules/7aside_NZIS_Indoor_Netball_Rules_2008.pdf |date=January 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200641/https://www.nzindoorsports.org.nz/fileadmin/templates/rules/7aside_NZIS_Indoor_Netball_Rules_2008.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}} South Africa{{harvnb|Alswang|2003}} and England.{{cite web |author=Action Indoor Sports (England) |title=Action Netball: 7 A-Side |url=http://www.actionsportuk.com/action-netball |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707081058/https://www.actionsportuk.com/action-netball |archive-date=7 July 2011}}

A six-per-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand. Two Centres per team can play in the whole court except the shooting circles; the remaining attacking and defending players are each restricted to one half of the court, including the shooting circles. The attacking and Centre players may shoot from outside the shooting circle for a two-point goal.{{cite web |author=New Zealand Indoor Netball |title=Indoor Netball Official Rule Book (6-a-side) |url=http://www.nzindoorsports.org.nz/fileadmin/templates/rules/6_aside_NZIS_Indoor_Netball_Rules_Oct_2009.pdf |date=October 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200646/https://www.nzindoorsports.org.nz/fileadmin/templates/rules/6_aside_NZIS_Indoor_Netball_Rules_Oct_2009.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.planetsports.co.nz/wa.asp?idWebPage=36815&idDetails=165 |author=Planet Sport |title=Indoor Netball at Planet Sports |access-date=3 March 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724194100/http://www.planetsports.co.nz/wa.asp?idWebPage=36815&idDetails=165| archive-date =24 July 2011}}

A five-per-side game is also common in indoor netball. Players can move throughout the court, with the exception of the shooting circles, which are restricted to certain attacking or defending players.

{{Main|Fast5}}

Fast5 (originally called Fastnet) is a variation on the rules of netball designed to make games faster and more television-friendly. The World Netball Series promotes it to raise the sport's profile and attract more spectators and greater sponsorship.{{Cite news |author=The Jamaica Star |title=Rhone excited about World Netball Series |publisher=The Jamaica Star (online) |url=http://www.jamaica-star.com/thestar/20090112/sports/sports4.html |date=12 January 2009 |access-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303072747/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20090112/sports/sports4.html |archive-date=3 March 2011}}{{Cite news |last=Irvine |first=Mairi |title=New Style Netball to be Held in the UK |publisher=UK Sport |url=http://www.uksport.gov.uk/news/netball_as_never_seen_before/ |date=12 January 2009 |access-date=10 February 2009}} The game is much shorter, with each quarter lasting only six minutes and only a two-minute break between quarters.{{cite web |author=World Netball Series |title=Rules |url=http://www.worldnetballseries.com/rules |year=2010 |access-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113753/http://www.worldnetballseries.com/rules |archive-date=18 July 2011}} The coaches can give instructions from the sideline during play, and unlimited substitutions are allowed. Like six-per-side indoor netball, attacking players may shoot two-point goals from outside the shooting circle.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Fastnet: Official Rules of the International Federation |url=http://www.netball.org/documents/FAST%20NET_RULES_SUMMARY_270709.doc |date=27 July 2009e |access-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726192945/https://www.netball.org/documents/FAST%20NET_RULES_SUMMARY_270709.doc |archive-date=26 July 2011}} Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team is worth double points and the centre pass is taken by the team that conceded the goal.

File:Reygersdal netball.jpg]]

Netball has been adapted in several ways to meet children's needs. The rules for children are similar to those for adults, but various aspects of the game (such as the length of each quarter, goal height, and ball size) are modified.

Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for five- to seven-year-olds. It aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities.{{harvnb|McGrath|Ozanne-Smith|1998|p=50}} The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks. There are no winners or losers. The goal posts are {{convert|2.4|m}} high, and a smaller ball is used.{{cite web |author=NSW Department of Sport & Recreation |title=Netball |year=1997 |url=http://www.cybersydney.com.au/kids/sar/netball.html |access-date=3 March 2011 }}

Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8- to 11-year-olds.{{harvnb|McGrath|Ozanne-Smith|1998|p=51}} The goal height and ball size are the same as for adults, but players rotate positions during the game, permitting each player to play each position.{{cite web |last=Plaisted |first=Val |title=A comparison of the effectiveness of the modified with the traditional approach to junior netball |url=http://eprints.vu.edu.au/15665/1/Plaisted_1989compressed.pdf |year=1989 |publisher=Victoria University |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306222244/http://eprints.vu.edu.au/15665/1/Plaisted_1989compressed.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=live }} Netta was created to develop passing and catching skills. Its rules permit six seconds between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game. Most players under 11 play this version at netball clubs.

A version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association. It is aimed at 9- to 11-year-old girls and includes only five positions.{{Cite news |author=BBC Sport Academy |title=Get playing high five netball! |publisher=BBC Sport Academy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/netball/give_it_a_go/newsid_2933000/2933617.stm |access-date=27 February 2011 |date=11 April 2003}} The players swap positions during the game.{{cite web |author=East Grinstead High Fives Netball |url=http://www.egjnl.org.uk/High_Five.html |title=Hi-5 Information |date=17 November 2010 |access-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307110439/https://www.egjnl.org.uk/High_Five.html |archive-date=7 March 2011}} When a player is not on the court, she is expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper. High Five Netball has four six-minute quarters.

{{main|Walking netball}}

Walking netball is a slower-paced version of netball designed to encourage participation by older or less fit players. The rules forbid running or jumping, and allow an extra step with the ball and 4 seconds, rather than 3, to hold the ball.{{cite web |title=Walking Netball |url=https://www.englandnetball.co.uk/play/walking-netball/ |website=England Netball |access-date=7 August 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Kinnafick |first1=F. E. |last2=Brinkley |first2=A. J. |last3=Bailey |first3=S. J. |last4=Adams |first4=E. J. |title=Is walking netball an effective, acceptable and feasible method to increase physical activity and improve health in middle- to older age women?: A RE-AIM evaluation |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |date=19 October 2021 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=136 |doi=10.1186/s12966-021-01204-w |issn=1479-5868|doi-access=free |pmid=34666782 |pmc=8524399 }}

The recognised international governing body of netball is World Netball, based in Manchester, England. Founded in 1960, the organisation was initially called the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball. World Netball is responsible for compiling world rankings for national teams, maintaining the rules for netball and organising several major international competitions.

As of April 2025, World Netball has 63 full and 12 associate national members in five regions.{{cite web |title=Regions & Members |url=https://netball.sport/inside-world-netball/regions-members/ |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=World Netball}} Each region has a World Netball regional federation.{{cite web|url=http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx?id=31|title=IFNA Regional Federations|publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations|access-date=24 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726193021/https://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx?id=31|archive-date=26 July 2011}}

World Netball is affiliated with the General Association of International Sports Federations, the International World Games Association and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations. It is also a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=IFNA: Anti-doping |url=http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx?id=110 |access-date=23 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316164443/http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx?id=110 |archive-date=16 March 2011}}

{{Main|Netball around the world}}

File:Natalei netball.jpg.]]

Netball is a popular participant sport in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations.{{harvnb|Summers|2007|p=162}}{{cite journal|title=Using Sport Studies and Physical Activities to Internationalize the K-12 Curriculum|author=Richard V. Mcgehee and Shirley H.M. Reekie|journal=The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance|volume=70|year=1999|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002326142}} Non-Commonwealth entities with full IFNA membership include Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Argentina, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands and the United States, along with former Commonwealth members Zimbabwe, Ireland and Hong Kong.{{cite web|url=http://www.netball.org/FullMembers.aspx|publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations|title=Full Members|access-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602152337/https://www.netball.org/FullMembers.aspx|archive-date=2 June 2011}} According to the IFNA, over 20 million people play netball in more than 80 countries.{{harvnb|Thompson|2002|p=258}} International tournaments are held among countries in each of the five IFNA regions, either annually or every four years. School leagues and national club competitions have been organised in England,{{Cite news |author=Western Argus |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34246126 |title=GAMES FOR GIRLS. |newspaper=Western Argus (1916–1938) |location=Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|date=24 October 1922 |access-date=1 March 2011 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia }} Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early twentieth century. Franchise-based netball leagues did not emerge until the late 1990s. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries. Despite widespread local interest, participation was largely amateur.{{cite news |author=BBC Sport |title=Campaign for netball at Olympics |work=BBC Sport |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/netball/7710698.stm |date=6 November 2008|access-date=12 April 2010 }}

Netball was first included in the 1998 Commonwealth Games and has been included ever since; it is currently one of the "core" sports that must be contested at each edition of the Games.{{cite web|author=Commonwealth Games Federation|url=https://www.thecgf.com/sports/spotlight/netball/guide.asp|title=Spotlight on sport – netball|year=2014|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201358/https://www.thecgf.com/sports/spotlight/netball/guide.asp|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead}}

The Confederation of African Netball Associations organises a major African tournament, which invites teams from Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, South Africa, Kenya, Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and the Seychelles to take part.{{cite news|url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=17&id=999287094|title=Seychelles invited for netball tourney|author=Clara Sinkala|newspaper=Times of Zambia|date=6–14 September 2001| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051112054427/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=17&id=999287094| archive-date =12 November 2005}} The tournament is hosted by a country within the region; senior and under 21 teams compete. The tournament has served as a qualifier for the World Championships.{{cite news|newspaper=The Herald|title=Zimbabwe: Mighty Warriors|date=1 October 2009|author=Ellina Mhlanga|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200910010039.html}} South Africa launched a new domestic competition in 2011 called Netball Grand Series. It features eight regional teams from South Africa and is aimed at increasing the amount of playing time for players. It runs for 17 weeks and replaces the National Netball League, which was played over only two weeks. According to Proteas captain Elsje Jordaan, it was hoped that the competition would create an opportunity for players to become professional.{{cite news|title=Netball moves towards professionalism|date=16 April 2011|newspaper=Supersport|url=http://www.supersport.com/xtra/xtra/news/110416/Netball_moves_towards_professionalism}}

File:Erin Bell 2009.jpg from the New South Wales Swifts (red) prepares to shoot for a goal against the Melbourne Vixens.]]

The Americas Federation of Netball Associations (AFNA) hosts two tournaments each year: the Caribbean Netball Association (CNA) Under 16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |year=2010 |title=Regional Federations – Americas |url=http://www.netball.org/FullMembers.aspx?id=131 |access-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726192011/http://www.netball.org/FullMembers.aspx?id=131 |archive-date=26 July 2011}} The CNA championship involves two divisions of teams from the Caribbean islands. In 2010 five teams competed in two rounds of round robin matches in the Championship Division, while four teams competed in the Developmental Division.{{cite news|date=15 April 2011|title=St. Lucia Poised to Win Caribbean Netball Association U 16 Title|author=Enver Pemberton|newspaper=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observe|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2011/04/15/netball-competition.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204034552/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2011/04/15/netball-competition.html|archive-date=4 February 2013}} Jamaica, which has lost only once in the tournament,{{cite news|title=Young Netballers March On|date=10 April 2008|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080410/sports/sports9.html|work=Jamaican Gleaner|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008052540/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080410/sports/sports9.html|archive-date=8 October 2012}} decided not to play the 2011 tournament. The AFNA Senior Championship includes Canada and the US along with the Caribbean nations. The tournament serves as a qualifier for the World Championship. Jamaica, with its high ranking, does not have to qualify; this leaves two spots to the other teams in the tournament.{{cite web|title=St Lucia to host AFNA championships in July|date=27 May 2010|url=http://go-jamaica.com/news/read_article.php?id=19648|access-date=14 June 2011}}

The Asian Netball Championship is held every four years. The seventh Asian games were held in 2009 and featured Singapore, Thailand, Maldives, Taiwan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, India and Pakistan.{{cite news|url=http://redsports.sg/2009/06/12/singapore-netball/|date=12 June 2009|title=Singapore to defend Asian Netball Championship title in Kuala Lumpur|author=Darren Ng|newspaper=Red Sports}} There is also an Asian Youth Netball Championship for girls under 21 years of age, the seventh of which was held in 2010.{{cite news|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=2 July 2010|title=Netball popularity on the rise in India: Federation president|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_netball-popularity-on-the-rise-in-india-federation-president_1404279}}

The major netball competition in Europe is the Netball Superleague, which features teams from England, Wales and Scotland.{{cite web|author=Vitality Netball Superleague|title=Superleague home page|url=https://www.netballsl.com/}}{{cite web |author=England Netball |title=The FIAT Netball Superleague |year=2010 |url=http://www.englandnetball.co.uk/competitions/2011-12/fiat-netball-superleague_32 |access-date=19 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112144854/https://www.englandnetball.co.uk/competitions/2011-12/fiat-netball-superleague_32 |archive-date=12 January 2012}} The league was created in 2005. Matches are broadcast on Sky Sports.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |date=25 October 2006 |title=Sky Sports to show Netball Superleague |url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=131 |access-date=19 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726192256/http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=131 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}

Netball has been featured at the Pacific Games, a multi-sport event with participation from 22 countries from around the South Pacific.{{harvnb|McKinnon|2009|p=51}} The event is held every four years and has 12 required sports; the host country chooses the other four. Netball is not a required sport and has missed selection, particularly when former French or American territories host the games.{{cite news|title=Netball misses selection for 2011 South Pacific Games|date=15 September 2010|newspaper=ABC Radio Australia|url=http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/stories/201009/3012716.htm?desktop|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829225541/http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/stories/201009/3012716.htm?desktop|url-status=usurped}}

The ANZ Championship was a Trans-Tasman competition held between 2008 and 2016 that was broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia. It was contested among ten teams from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New Zealand's National Bank Cup as the pre-eminent netball league in those countries.{{cite web |author=Netball Australia |date=11 March 2007 |publisher=Netball Australia |title=New look trans-Tasman netball competition |url=http://www.netball.asn.au/newsItem.asp?orgID=1&ID=2396 |access-date=3 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901022904/http://www.netball.asn.au/newsitem.asp?id=2396&orgID=1 |archive-date=1 September 2007}} The competition was held annually between April and July, consisting of 69 matches played over 17 weeks. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries, with increased media coverage and player salaries.{{cite web |title=New netball venture steps forward |publisher=Sportal |url=http://sportal.co.nz/Netball-news-display/new-netball-venture-steps-forward-40682 |date=21 December 2007 |access-date=22 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517095632/http://sportal.co.nz/Netball-news-display/new-netball-venture-steps-forward-40682 |archive-date=17 May 2009}}{{cite news |last=Johannsen |first=Dana |title=Glitz and hype turn netball into money game |work=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10500820 |date=29 March 2008 |access-date=22 October 2011}} The competition was replaced by new leagues in 2017, the Suncorp Super Netball (Australia) and ANZ Premiership (New Zealand).

{{See also|World Netball Championships|Netball at the Commonwealth Games|Netball Quad Series|Fast5 Netball World Series|Netball and the Olympic Movement|Netball at the SEA Games}}

There are four major international netball competitions; the Netball World Cup, Netball at the Commonwealth Games, Netball Quad Series and Fast5 Netball World Series. Netball is also played at large regional multi-sport events such as the Southeast Asian Games.

Netball's important competition is the Netball World Cup (previously known as the World Netball Championships), held every four years. It was first held in 1963 at the Chelsea College of Physical Education at Eastbourne, England, with eleven nations competing. Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australian and New Zealand teams, which hold ten and four titles, respectively. Trinidad and Tobago is the only other team to win a championship title. That title, won in 1979, was shared with New Zealand and Australia; all three teams finished with equal points at the end of the round robin, and there were no finals.{{cite web|author=World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore |title=History |url=http://www.wnc2011.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=213 |year=2011 |access-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314064619/http://www.wnc2011.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=213 |archive-date=14 March 2011 }}

The Fast5 Series is a competition among the top six national netball teams, as ranked by the INF World Rankings.{{cite news |title=Samoa prepares for World netball series |newspaper=Samoa Observer |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2424:samoa-prepares-for-world-netball-series&catid=34:sports&Itemid=54 |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145949/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2424%3Asamoa-prepares-for-world-netball-series&catid=34%3Asports&Itemid=54 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead }} It is organised by the INF in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations, UK Sport, and the host city's local council.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Netball as never seen before |publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations |url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=271 |date=14 January 2009c |access-date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202193044/http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=271 |archive-date=2 February 2009}} The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances.{{Cite news |last=Kaminjolo |first=Singayazi |title=Queens leave for Liverpool on Sunday |work=The Nation (Malawi) |url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9256:queens-leave-for-liverpool-on-sunday&catid=33:national-sports&Itemid=31 |date=12 November 2010 |access-date=19 November 2010|url-status=usurped | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724104120/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9256:queens-leave-for-liverpool-on-sunday&catid=33:national-sports&Itemid=31| archive-date =24 July 2011}} It is held over three days, with each team playing each other once during the first two days in a round-robin format. The four highest-scoring teams advance to the semi-finals; the winners face each other in the Grand Final.{{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Calling All Netball Fans! |publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations |url=http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=293 |date=3 April 2009d |access-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314190028/http://www.netball.org/news.aspx?id=293 |archive-date=14 March 2011}} The competition features modified fastnet rules and has been likened to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens.{{cite news |author=Newstalk ZB |title=Innovative World Series planned for next year |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/netball/news/article.cfm?c_id=69&objectid=10546104 |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=6 February 2009}}{{cite news |last=Marshall |first=Jane |title=Kiwis keen on novel netball variant |newspaper=The Press |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4838104a1823.html |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=6 February 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207111943/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4838104a1823.html |url-status=dead }} A new format featuring shorter matches with modified rules was designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences. The World Netball Series was held annually in England from 2009 to 2011.

Netball's governing federation gained Olympic recognition in 1995 after 20 years of lobbying.{{Cite journal |last1=Smartt |first1=Pam |last2=Chalmers |first2=David |title=Obstructing the goal? Hospitalisation for netball injury in New Zealand 2000–2005 |journal=The New Zealand Medical Journal |date=29 January 2009 |volume=122 |number=1288 |pages=62–75 |pmid=19182843 |url=http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1288/3438/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901064026/https://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1288/3438/ |archive-date=1 September 2011}} Although it has never been played at the Summer Olympics, politicians and administrators have been campaigning unsuccessfully to have it included.{{cite news|title='Fast' version of netball introduced in an effort to secure Olympic Games inclusion|author=Emily Benammar|date=13 October 2009|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/netball/6316625/Fast-version-of-netball-introduced-in-an-effort-to-secure-Olympic-Games-inclusion.html|location=London}}{{cite web|title=Inclusion of Netball in the Olympic Games|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20040921018|publisher=Parliament of New South Wales|access-date=24 June 2011|date=21 September 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829053911/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20040921018|archive-date=29 August 2011}} Its absence from the Olympics has been seen by the netball community as a hindrance in the global growth of the game by limiting access to media attention and funding sources.{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Diane |title= Half the Story? Olympic Women on the ABC News Online |url=http://eprints.usq.edu.au/608/2/Jones_MIA_2004_PV.pdf |journal=Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy |volume=110 |number=110 |pages=132–146 |date = February 2004|access-date=15 March 2011 |doi=10.1177/1329878X0411000114 |s2cid=54039376 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409071451/http://eprints.usq.edu.au/608/2/Jones_MIA_2004_PV.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live }}{{harvnb|Crocombe|1992|p=156}} Some funding sources became available with recognition in 1995,{{Cite news |author=Shooting for Success |title=IFNA Recognition Confirmed |publisher=International Federation of Netball Associations |url=http://www.netball.org/documents/newsletter/July%202004.pdf |date=July 2004 |access-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409185932/http://www.netball.org/documents/newsletter/July%202004.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011}} including the International Olympic Committee, national Olympic committees, national sport organisations, and state and federal governments.{{harvnb|Australian Sport Commission|Office of the Status of Women|1985|p=92}}

• {{Portal inline|Sports}}
• Injuries in netball
• List of national netball teams
• List of netball players
• Wheelchair netball

{{Reflist|group=n}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Netball}}

{{Wiktionary}}

• [http://www.netball.org/ International Federation of Netball Associations]
• [https://www.netballsl.com/ The Vitality Netball Superleague]

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{{Sports of the World Games program}}

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{{Women's sports}}

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Category:Ball games

Category:Forms of basketball

Category:Sports originating in England

Category:Team sports

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Women's sports

Category:History of women's sports

Category:Mixed-sex team sports