new standard tuning
{{Short description|Alternative guitar tuning}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox Regular tuning
| regular_tuning_name = New standard
|caption_top = Five consecutive open-notes of new standard tuning are spaced seven semitones apart on the chromatic circle; the highest interval is only three semitones apart.
|image_top =New standard tuning in the chromatic circle.png
|other_names = Guitar Craft tuning
|interval= Perfect fifth
|semitones = 7
|examples= C-G-D-A-E-G
|advanced = TRUE
|repetition = No
|other_instruments =
|advantages = Approximates all-fifths tuning; wide range
|disadvantages = Very difficult to play standard-guitar music
|lefty = All-fourths tuning (approximately)|
|guitarist=Robert Fripp
|guitarist_image=Robert Fripp.jpg
|alt=Robert Fripp plays guitar.
|guitarist_caption=Robert Fripp has taught new standard tuning to three-thousand Guitar Craft students
}}
New standard tuning (NST) is an alternative tuning for the guitar that approximates all-fifths tuning. The guitar's strings are assigned the notes C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4 (from lowest to highest); the five lowest open strings are each tuned to an interval of a perfect fifth {(C,G),(G,D),(D,A),(A,E)}; the two highest strings are a minor third apart (E,G).
All-fifths tuning is typically used for mandolins, cellos, violas, and violins. On a guitar, tuning the strings in fifths would mean the first string would be a high B. NST provides a good approximation to all-fifths tuning. Like other regular tunings, NST allows chord fingerings to be shifted from one set of strings to another.
NST's C-G range is wider, both lower and higher, than the E-E range of standard tuning in which the strings are tuned to the open notes E2-A2-D3-G3-B3-E4. The greater range allows NST guitars to play repertoire that would be impractical, if not impossible, on a standard-tuned guitar.
NST was developed by Robert Fripp, the guitarist for King Crimson. Fripp taught the new standard tuning in Guitar Craft courses beginning in 1985, and thousands of Guitar Craft students continue to use the tuning. Like other alternative tunings for guitar, NST provides challenges and new opportunities to guitarists, who have developed music especially suited to NST.
NST places the guitar strings under greater tension than standard tuning. Standard sets of guitar strings do not work well with the tuning as the lowest strings are too loose and the highest string may snap under the increased tension. Special sets of NST strings have been available for decades, and some guitarists assemble NST sets from individual strings.[http://brianrobison.org/index.htm?performance/nst.htm Brian Robinson, composer]
History
New standard tuning (NST) was invented by guitarist Robert Fripp of the band King Crimson in September 1983.{{harvtxt|Mulhern|1986}}{{harvtxt|Tamm|2003|p=148}}
{{Blockquote|"I was in the Apple Health Spa on Bleecker and Thompson [in New York City] back in September 1983, in the sauna at half past 10 in the morning, almost asleep, and the tuning flew over my head. At the time I couldn't understand what it was for. I was asked to give a guitar seminar at Claymont Court in December 1984, to raise funds for the running of the estate and the children's school. There was a click and I realized the tuning was for the guitar class."{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Robert Fripp Lightens Up|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/19/arts/music/robert-fripp.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 20, 2022|date=September 19, 2022}}}}
Fripp began using the tuning in 1985 before beginning his Guitar Craft seminars,Baldwin, Douglas (November 2007). "Guitar Heroes: How to Play Like 26 Guitar Gods from Atkins to Zappa", edited by Jude Gold and Matt Blackett, Guitar Player, p.111. which have taught the tuning to three thousand guitarists.
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
| String (right-handed) | Note | Frequency (hertz) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | g' | 392.00 |
| 2 | e' | 329.63 |
| 3 | a | 220.00 |
| 4 | d | 146.83 |
| 5 | G | 98.66 |
| 6 | C | 65.41 |
The tuning is (from low to high): C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4. The original version of NST was all-fifths tuning. However, in the 1980s, Fripp never attained the all-fifth's high B. While he could attain A, the string's lifetime was too short. Experimenting with a G string, Fripp succeeded. "Originally, seen in 5ths all the way, the top string would not go to B. So, as on a tenor banjo, I adopted an A on the first string. These kept breaking, so G was adopted."{{cite web |title=Robert Fripp's diary: Friday, 5th February 2010|first=Robert|last=Fripp|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live|url=http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142816/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16789 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=dead }} In 2012, Fripp suggested that Guitar Circle members experiment with an A string (0.007) from Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman;{{cite journal|title=Robert Fripp's diary: Sunday, 22nd April 2012|first=Robert|last=Fripp|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live|url=http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21688|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111165336/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21688|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|title=Robert Fripp's diary: Friday, 2nd March 2012|first=Robert|last=Fripp|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live|url=http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21266|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223223/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=21266|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}[http://octave4plus.com/ Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman] if successful, the experiment could lead to "the NST 1.2", C2G2D3A3E4-A4, according to Fripp. In 2010, Fripp suggested renaming the tuning as "Guitar Craft Standard Tuning or C Pentatonic tuning".{{cite journal|title=Robert Fripp's diary: Monday, 4th January 2010|first=Robert|last=Fripp|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live|url=http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16478|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321121706/https://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=16478|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
Properties
File:New Standard Tuning - C major scale harmonized in sevenths and triads, arpeggios.pdf
The lowest five strings are tuned in perfect fifths from a low C. The first string is a minor third up from the E to a G. Since the lowest five strings are tuned in fifths, guitars with NST can be played with the fingerings for chords and scales used on the violin, cello, and mandolin.
The first five strings of NST have all-fifths tuning, and so its all-fifths chords are movable around the fretboard. In contrast, standard tuning has an irregular major-third interjected among its perfect fourths, which complicates the learning of chords by beginners.{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf Regular tunings, p. 52]}}
The distinct open-notes {C,G,D,A,E} are the notes of the major pentatonic scale on C, which contains only consonant intervals. The C-pentatonic scale omits the open B of standard tuning and all-fifths tuning, which forms a dissonant second-interval with C. With the 1980s King Crimson, Fripp had used pentatonic harmony in "Discipline", "Thela Hun Ginjeet", and "Sartori in Tangier".{{harvtxt|Tamm|2003|loc=[http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch09.htm "Chapter nine: King Crimson IV and Andy Summers"]}}
=Harmonics: Overtones=
File:First eight harmonics vertical.png
{{Blockquote|"With a note of music, one strikes the fundamental, and, in addition to the root note, other notes are generated: these are the harmonic series.... As one fundamental note contains within it other notes in the octave, two fundamentals produce a remarkable array of harmonics, and the number of possible combinations between all the notes increases phenomenally. With a triad, affairs stand a good chance of getting severely out of hand."|Robert Fripp|{{harvtxt|Denyer|1992|p=114}} }}
New standard tuning lists four notes (C,G,E,G) from the harmonic sequence (overtones) for the note C. When the low open-note C-string is struck, its harmonic sequence begins with the notes
:(C,C,G,C,E,G,B{{music|flat}},C).
To strengthen a given chord, Vincent Persichetti's Twentieth-century harmony recommends adding perfect fifths above the initial overtones, rather than adding higher overtones, such as B{{music|flat}} and the higher C.{{harvtxt|Persichetti|1961|pp=23–24}}{{cite journal|title=Robert Fripp's diary:Sunday, 11th March 2001|first=Robert|last=Fripp|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live|url=http://www.dgmlive.com}} Persichetti's book influenced Fripp.{{harvtxt|Tamm|2003|loc=[http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch02.htm Chapter Two: The guitarist and the practice of music]}} In new standard tuning
- C is the fundamental overtone,
- G as a fifth reinforces C,
- D as a fifth reinforces G,
- A as a fifth reinforces D,
- E both as a fifth reinforces A and as the fifth overtone reinforces C, and
- G as the sixth overtone reinforces C.
{{clear}}
=Range=
=Chords: Perfect intervals rather than thirds=
{{See also|Guitar chord|Quartal and quintal harmony}}
Asked whether NST facilitates "new intervals or harmonies that aren't readily available in standard tuning", Fripp responded, "Yes, that's part of it. It's more effective. It's a more rational system, but it's also better sounding—better for chords, better for single notes." To build chords, Fripp uses "perfect intervals in fourths, fifths and octaves", so avoiding minor and major thirds.Major thirds and minor thirds are implemented poorly in equal temperament tuning (in comparison to thirds in just intonation).
{{cite journal|title=Just desserts: Steve Kimock shares the sweet sounds of justly tuned thirds and sevenths|series=Master class|journal=Guitar Player| date=1 December 2005 |last=Gold|first=Jude|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-138998187|url-access=subscription }} Quartal and quintal harmony was stressed from the beginning of Fripp's teaching of Guitar Craft. Fripp began a 1986 course with these directions: "Now, pick a note from the following series—[it was a series of fourths or fifths]. When you are ready—do not be in any hurry, but when you are ready play your note, then pick others and play them as the situation demands it. Your first note will be the first intentional note you have played in a week."Musicologist Eric Tamm wrote that despite "considerable effort and search I just could not find a good set of chords whose sound I liked" for rhythm guitar. {{harv|Tamm|2003|loc=[http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch10.htm Chapter 10: Postscript]}}
It is a challenge to adapt conventional guitar chords to new standard tuning. NST has wider intervals between consecutive strings than standard tuning.{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001|loc="The mandoguitar tuning", pp. 62–63}}
{{blockquote
|"Most songs (that is music which has both words and instrumental accompaniments) written in the [NST] have a quality of walking on long stilts. There are rarely many intervals, harmonic or melodic, in these guitar accompaniments that are closer than a major third except in the top of the voicing. Close voicings (from a single guitar) in [NST] are possible thanks to the minor third between the first and second string, and this is often the only practical place where close voicings occur with any regularity".{{cite web |url=http://steveball.typepad.com/diary/2006/01/sb_song_tuning_.html|first=Steve|last=Ball |title=Steve Ball music diary - Tuesday, January 03, 2006 |date=3 January 2006 |id={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p53842 |label= Steve Ball}}|access-date=29 February 2012}}
}}
=Historical background=
Modern quartal and quintal harmony revives the polyphonic traditions of medieval Europe. Before the common practice period, European polyphony emphasized unison intervals and octaves and also perfect fifths. From the Renaissance to 1900, Western symphonic music was diatonic, emphasizing the tertian harmony of major and minor scales, keys, and chords.{{harvtxt|Persichetti|1961|loc="Chapter Four: Chords by fourths", p. 93}} Much popular music, especially rock, retains diatonic harmony.
String gauges
With traditional guitar strings, the low C may be loose and the high G may be too tight. Special gauges are therefore more suitable for NST. For steel-stringed acoustic-guitars, many Guitar Craft participants use either an .011–.058 inch set or an .011–.059 inch set;{{harvtxt|Barry|2004}} string-sets may be purchased as a set from a manufacturer or purchased singly and assembled by the guitarist.
In 2012, a 0.007 inch gauge was being evaluated by Fripp and other members of Guitar Circle, who are considering replacing the first string's G note with an A note, the better to approximate the B note of all-fifths tuning. The 0.007 inch gauge was produced by Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman.{{cite web|title=Robert Fripp's diary: Thursday, 2nd August 2012|date=2 August 2012|first=Robert|last=Fripp|author-link=Robert Fripp|url=http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=22150|publisher=Discipline Global Mobile, DGM Live!|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624023822/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=22150|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead}} Robert Fripp uses lighter strings for electric guitar.
Artists who use new standard tuning
File:Guitar Craft symbol by Steve Ball.png
Robert Fripp currently uses the new standard tuning, beginning in 1984.
Fripp has taught new standard tuning in his Guitar Craft courses. In Guitar Craft and in the 2010 successor Guitar Circles, students use only new standard tuning. Having to use a new tuning challenges students to approach their playing with greater mindfulness and to explore new ways of musical expression.{{harvtxt|Tamm|2003|pp=[http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch10.htm 134, 142, 148 (Chapter 10); cf. pp. 160], [http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/preface.htm 4]}}
As of 2011 there have been three-thousand graduates from Guitar Craft.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Alumni who continue to practice new standard tuning are called "crafty guitarists" or "crafties".{{harvtxt|Fripp|2011|p=3}} Some crafty guitarists formed the League of Crafty Guitarists, which toured with Robert Fripp and have released multiple albums.{{harvtxt|Tamm|2003|loc=[http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch11.htm Chapter 11]}} Guitar-Craft and the League of Crafty Guitarists have trained guitarists who went on to form new bands, such as the Trey Gunn and the California Guitar Trio;{{harvtxt|Zwerdling|1998}} Gunn and the California Guitar Trio have toured with Fripp as the Robert Fripp String Quintet. Other alumni of the League of Crafty Guitarists include members of Los Gauchos Alemanes, such as U.S. guitarist Steve Ball;{{cite journal|title=Electric Gauchos' transcontinental alt-prog|journal=Guitar Player|date=1 October 2005|last=Cleveland|first=Barry|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-136121009|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 March 2012}} Ball is associated with the Seattle Guitar Circle,{{cite news|last=Anonymous|first=Yakima Herald-Republic|title=Guitar performance slated for Unity Church (Body and soul: What's happening)|newspaper=Yakima Herald-Republic|year=2000|access-date=22 Apr 2012|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18455535.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225093101/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18455535.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-access=subscription}} along with League of Craft Guitarists alumnus Curt Golden.{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Upchurch|title=Guitarists put listeners in the circle|series=Your Wednesday|newspaper=The Seattle Times|location=Seattle, Washington|date=6 October 2010|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238796630.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222220343/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238796630.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 March 2012}}
The collection A Plague of Crafty Guitarists features many NST players including Nigel Gavin.{{harvtxt|Cleveland|2004a}}{{AllMusic
| class =album
| id = r1342404
| label = Plague of Crafty Guitarists, Volume 1
| access-date =24 April 2012}}
New standard tuning has been adapted for instruments besides guitar. Trey Gunn (Crimson's warr guitar player from 1994 to 2003) and Markus Reuter{{cite journal|title=Markus Reuter|series=RIFFS: Outsider|journal=Guitar Player|date=1 October 2007|last=Prasad|first=Anil|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-168361710|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 March 2012}} have adapted new standard tuning for their 8- and 10-string instruments; in 2007 Reuter used a B{{music|flat}}-F-C-G-D-A-C-D tuning. Finnish musician Heikki Malmberg uses a 7-string guitar tuned in new standard tuning with an additional low F.{{cite web|title=Heikki Malmberg—Exclusive OnlineDrummer.com Interview |first=Frank |last=Bender |date=25 April 2009 |url=http://onlinedrummer.com/article.php?id=65 |publisher=OnlineDrummer.com |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110020906/http://onlinedrummer.com/article.php?id=65 |archive-date=10 November 2011 }}
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
References
- {{cite journal|first=Barry|last=Cleveland|title=The Plague of Crafty Guitarists: Volume one|date=1 August 2004a|access-date=25 March 2012|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-119370162.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222040056/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-119370162.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-22|journal=Guitar Player|url-access=subscription}}
- {{cite journal|first=Barry|last=Cleveland|title=California Guitar Trio (Interview)|issue=Fall|date=1 December 2004|access-date=25 March 2012|url=http://www.sroartists.com/artists/californiaguitartrio/files/cgt-reviews.pdf|journal=Frets Magazine|id=[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-124489129 Guitar Player {{subscription required}}]}}
- {{cite book|last=Fripp|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Fripp|title=Seven Guitar Craft themes: Definitive scores for guitar ensemble|publisher=Partitas Music|year=2011|editor-first=Horacio|editor-last=Pozzo|url=http://partitasmusic.com/ |id=ISMN 979-0-9016791-7-7. DGM Sku partitas001|edition=First limited|others="Original transcriptions by Curt Golden", "Layout scores and tablatures: Ariel Rzezak and Theo Morresi"}}
- {{cite journal|first=Tom|last=Mulhern|date=January 1986|title=On the discipline of craft and art: An interview with Robert Fripp|journal=Guitar Player|url=http://www.mulhern.com/articles/Fripp.html|access-date=8 January 2013|volume=20|pages=88–103}}
- {{cite book |last=Persichetti |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Persichetti |title=Twentieth-century harmony: Creative aspects and practice |year=1961 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-09539-8 |oclc=398434 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393095395 }}
- {{cite web|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=William A.|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2011|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alternatetunings.html|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=19 May 2012|id=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 2010 PDF version by Bill Sethares]}}
- {{citation|title=Robert Fripp: From crimson king to crafty master|first=Eric|last=Tamm|author-link=Eric Tamm (musicologist)|url=http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch10.htm|year=2003|orig-year=1990|publisher=Faber and Faber (1990)|isbn=0-571-16289-4|edition=Progressive Ears|id=[http://www.erictamm.com/rf.zip Zipped Microsoft Word Document]|access-date=25 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026180438/http://www.progressiveears.com/frippbook/ch10.htm|archive-date=26 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}
- {{cite journal|first=Daniel|last=Zwerdling|author-link=Daniel Zwerdling|location=Washington DC|title=California Guitar Trio|edition=NPR Weekend|journal=All Things Considered|publisher=National Public Radio|access-date=25 March 2012| date=5 September 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-29111365.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010102650/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-29111365.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2014|id=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141010102650/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-29111365.html Html transcription {{subscription required}}]. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1006483 Audio recording (free)]}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal|last=Drozdowski|first=Ted|title=Robert Fripp: A plectral purist answers the dumb questions|journal=Musician|date=February 1989|pages=28+|id=Referenced in {{harvtxt|Tamm|2003}}}}
External links
- Courses in new standard tuning are offered by Guitar Circle, the successor of [http://www.guitarcraft.com/ Guitar Craft]:
- [http://www.guitarcircleofeurope.com/ Guitar Circle of Europe]
- [http://www.guitarcircleoflatinamerica.com/ Guitar Circle of Latin America]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20181112032223/http://guitarcircleofnorthamerica.com/ Guitar Circle of North America]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201075009/http://www.frakctured.ukf.net/ The FraKctured Zone] is a King Crimson fan website with notation and tabs to songs in NST (with acknowledgment to Trey Gunn for permission).
- {{cite book|title=New Standard Tuning C-G-D-A-E-G of Robert Fripp's Guitar Craft
|chapter=Harmonization of diatonic major scale on C; Progressions of chords: Triads and sevenths|first=Kiefer|last=Wolfowitz|year=2013|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_Standard_Tuning_-_C_major_scale_harmonized_in_sevenths_and_triads,_arpeggios.pdf|access-date=8 November 2013}}
{{Guitar tunings|Regular|state=expanded}}
{{Robert Fripp|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:New Standard Tuning}}