node (circuits)

{{short description|Region of an electrical circuit between two components}}

In electrical engineering, a node is any region or joining point on a circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are ideal wires with zero resistance. Whether "node" refers to a single point of junction or an entire equipotential region varies by the source.Smith, Ralph J. (1966), Circuits, Devices and Systems, Chapter 2, John Wiley & Sons, Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 66-17612Chen, Wai-Kai, The Electrical Engineering Handbook https://nibmehub.com/opac-service/pdf/read/The%20electrical%20engineering%20handbook%20by%20Wai%20Kai%20Chen.pdf, pg 5, Elsevier (2004), "A node is a junction point where the terminals of two more more elements are joined."

"Node" is often used, especially in mesh analysis, to mean a principal node, which is distinct from the usage defined above. A principal node is a point in a circuit diagram where three or more connections meet.{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyuk.net/science/electrical-principles/circuit-nodes.shtml#:~:text=Nodes%20N%20and%20C%20are,of%20interest%20and%20node%20C.|title=Circuit Nodes|publisher=Technology UK|accessdate=2025-06-11}}{{cite web|url=https://mathonweb.com/help/electrical.htm|title=Analysing Electric Networks|publisher=mathonweb.com|accessdate=2025-06-11}} Principal nodes are important points of consideration in applying Kirchhoff's circuit laws, because conservation of current means current can split or combine at these points.

When clarification is needed, a region connecting only two circuit elements is referred to as a simple node, where there is no branching of current, while a point connecting three or more elements is a principal mode.{{cite web|url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/how-many-elements-are-joined-to-a-principal-node--6239bfd1c248ff64defd8116r.|accessdate=2025-06-11|title=How Many Elements are Joined to a Principal Node?|publisher=testbook.com}} The full definition uses in this article encompasses both principal and simple nodes.

Details

According to Ohm's law, {{math|1=V = IR}}, the voltage {{mvar|V}} across any two points of a node with negligible resistance {{mvar|R}} is

: $V = IR = I\cdot 0 = 0,$

showing that the electric potential at every point of a node is the same.

There are some notable exceptions where the voltage difference is large enough to become significant:

High-precision resistance measurements using a Kelvin connection
The difference in voltage between ground and neutral, between the neutral wire and the ground in domestic AC power plugs and sockets, can be fatal. A properly installed electrical system connects them together at only one location, leading many people to the fatally incorrect conclusion that they are at "the same" voltage, or that the safety ground is "redundant and unnecessary"
The Seebeck effect and the Peltier effect
Joints involving aluminium wire

Dots used to mark nodes on a circuit diagram are sometimes referred to as meatballs.Mansfield, Michael; O'Sullivan, Colm (2010), Understanding Physics (2nd edition), Chapter 14, page 359, John Wiley & Sons

References

Category:Electricity