non-exercise activity thermogenesis
{{Short description|Metabolic energy use excluding exercise}}
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis ({{abbr|NEAT}}), also known as non-exercise physical activity (NEPA),{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Analiza M. |last2=Júdice |first2=Pedro B. |last3=Carraça |first3=Eliana V. |last4=King |first4=Neil |last5=Teixeira |first5=Pedro J. |last6=Sardinha |first6=Luís B. |title=What is the effect of diet and/or exercise interventions on behavioural compensation in non-exercise physical activity and related energy expenditure of free-living adults? A systematic review |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |date=June 2018 |volume=119 |issue=12 |pages=1327–1345 |doi=10.1017/S000711451800096X |pmid=29845903 |s2cid=44075586 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/what-is-the-effect-of-diet-andor-exercise-interventions-on-behavioural-compensation-in-nonexercise-physical-activity-and-related-energy-expenditure-of-freeliving-adults-a-systematic-review/7207D8767FAAC60158E63E5AF17AC6BA |language=en |issn=0007-1145|doi-access=free }} is energy expenditure during activities that are not part of a structured exercise program. NEAT includes physical activity at the workplace, hobbies, standing instead of sitting, walking around, climbing stairs, doing chores, and fidgeting.{{cite journal |last1=Saeidifard |first1=Farzane |last2=Medina-Inojosa |first2=Jose R |last3=Supervia |first3=Marta |last4=Olson |first4=Thomas P |last5=Somers |first5=Virend K |last6=Erwin |first6=Patricia J |last7=Lopez-Jimenez |first7=Francisco |title=Differences of energy expenditure while sitting versus standing: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |date=March 2018 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=522–538 |doi=10.1177/2047487317752186 |pmid=29385357 |s2cid=3561544 |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurjpc/article-abstract/25/5/522/5926154|url-access=subscription }}{{cite book |last1=Loeffelholz |first1=Christian von |last2=Birkenfeld |first2=Andreas L. |title=Endotext [Internet] |date=2022 |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK279077/ |language=en |chapter=Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis in Human Energy Homeostasis}} Besides differences in body composition, it represents most of the variation in energy expenditure across individuals and populations, accounting from 6-10 percent to as much as 50 percent of energy expenditure in highly active individuals.{{cite journal |last1=Chung |first1=Nana |last2=Park |first2=Mi-Young |last3=Kim |first3=Jisu |last4=Park |first4=Hun-Young |last5=Hwang |first5=Hyejung |last6=Lee |first6=Chi-Ho |last7=Han |first7=Jin-Soo |last8=So |first8=Jaemoo |last9=Park |first9=Jonghoon |last10=Lim |first10=Kiwon |title=Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): a component of total daily energy expenditure |journal=Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry |date=30 June 2018 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.20463/jenb.2018.0013 |pmid=30149423 |pmc=6058072 |issn=2233-6834}}
Relationship with obesity
NEAT is the main component of activity-related energy expenditure in obese individuals, as most do not do any physical exercise. NEAT is also lower in obese individuals than the general population.
NEAT may be reduced in individuals who have lost weight, which some hypothesize contributes to difficulties in achieving and sustaining weight loss.
In Western countries, occupations have shifted from physical labor to sedentary work, which results in a loss of energy expenditure. Strenuous physical labor can require 1500 calories or more per day than desk work.
Relationship with exercise
It is debated whether there is a significant reduction in NEAT after beginning a structured exercise program.{{cite journal |last1=Fedewa |first1=Michael V. |last2=Hathaway |first2=Elizabeth D. |last3=Williams |first3=Tyler D. |last4=Schmidt |first4=Michael D. |title=Effect of Exercise Training on Non-Exercise Physical Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Sports Medicine |date=1 June 2017 |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1171–1182 |doi=10.1007/s40279-016-0649-z |pmid=27873191 |s2cid=27543179 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-016-0649-z |language=en |issn=1179-2035|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |last1=Washburn |first1=R. A. |last2=Lambourne |first2=K. |last3=Szabo |first3=A. N. |last4=Herrmann |first4=S. D. |last5=Honas |first5=J. J. |last6=Donnelly |first6=J. E. |title=Does increased prescribed exercise alter non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults? A systematic review |journal=Clinical Obesity |date=February 2014 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/cob.12040 |pmid=25425128 |pmc=5996763 |language=en |issn=1758-8103}}{{cite journal |last1=Mansfeldt |first1=Julie Marvel |last2=Magkos |first2=Faidon |title=Compensatory Responses to Exercise Training As Barriers to Weight Loss: Changes in Energy Intake and Non-exercise Physical Activity |journal=Current Nutrition Reports |date=1 June 2023 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1007/s13668-023-00467-y |pmid=36933180 |s2cid=257603943 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13668-023-00467-y |language=en |issn=2161-3311|url-access=subscription }}
Health benefits
Lack of NEAT is posited as an explanation for health harms for prolonged sitting.{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=James A. |title=Sick of sitting |journal=Diabetologia |date=1 August 2015 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=1751–1758 |doi=10.1007/s00125-015-3624-6 |pmid=26003325 |s2cid=2706500 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-015-3624-6 |language=en |issn=1432-0428|doi-access=free |pmc=4519030 }}