nuqta

The term {{transliteration|hi|ISO|nuqtā}} ({{lang|hi|नुक़्ता}}) is itself an example of the use of the nuqta (making it autological.) Other examples include {{langx|hi|क़िला ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|قلعہ}}}})|qilā|fortress|translit-std=ISO|label=none}}; and {{langx|hi|आग़ा ख़ान ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|آغا خان}}}})|Āġā K͟hān|translit-std=ISO|label=none}}, a combination of a Türko-Mongolic (āġā) and a (k͟hān) honorific.

The nuqta, and the phonological distinction it represents, is sometimes ignored in practice; e.g., {{lang|hi|क़िला}} {{transliteration|hi|ISO|qilā}} being simply spelled as {{lang|hi|किला}} {{transliteration|hi|ISO|kilā}}. In the text Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity, Manisha Kulshreshtha and Ramkumar Mathur write, "A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nuqtā). Many people who speak Hindi as a second language, especially those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak conventional Hindi (also called Khaṛībōlī), or speak in one of its dialects, pronounce these sounds as their nearest equivalents." For example, these rural speakers will assimilate the sound ɣ (Devanagari: ग़; Nastaliq: {{nastaliq|غ}}) as ɡ (Devanagari: ग; Nastaliq: {{nastaliq|گ}}).{{cite book|last1=Kulshreshtha|first1=Manisha|last2=Mathur|first2=Ramkumar|title=Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHmARyhRoNYC&pg=PA19|access-date=20 November 2014|date=24 March 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461411376|pages=19–}}

With a renewed Hindi–Urdu language contact, many Urdu writers now publish their works in Devanagari editions. Since the Perso-Arabic orthography is preserved in Nastaʿlīq script Urdu orthography, these writers use the nuqta in Devanagari when transcribing these consonants.

Devanagari also includes coverage for the Dravidian consonants {{langx|hi|ऴ|ḻa|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /ɻ/; {{langx|hi|ऱ|ṟa|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /r/ and {{langx|hi|ऩ|ṉa|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /n/. (Respectively, these letters modify {{langx|hi|ळ|ḷa|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /ɭ/; {{langx|hi|र|ra|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /ɾ/ and {{langx|hi|न|na|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} /n̪/). An example is {{langx|hi|तमिऴ् /t̪amiɻ/ ({{langx|ta|தமிழ்}})|tamiḻ|translit-std=ISO|label=none}}.

For example, the letters {{lang|hi|च़}} and {{lang|hi|छ़}} are used in Devanagari to write the Kashmiri alveolar affricates {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژ}}}} {{IPA|/t͡s/}} and {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژھ}}}} {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}} respectively.

To represent the Eastern Nagari letter {{lang|bn|য়}} representing /{{IPA link|e̯}}ɔ/, the consonant {{langx|hi|य़|ẏa|translit-std=ISO|label=none}} is used in Devanagari.

In Maithili, there are four non-syllabic vowels: i̯, u̯, e̯, o̯ written in Devanagari as य़, व़, य़ॆ, व़ॊ. But colloquially, these are written without nuqta.

The Bengali-Assamese script has ড় ঢ় য়, which are variations of ড ঢ য; however, ব and র are completely different in nature.

In Old Nepali language texts, a nuqta-like diactric is often found on similar glyphs or glyphs that have undergone phonological shifts.{{Citation |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=From Gorkha to Nepal |date=2024-05-07 |work=Nepal |pages=136–159 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197650936.003.0007 |access-date=2024-08-31 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |isbn=0-19-765093-7}} There are two use cases found for it:

• The glyph व़ was used to represent the phoneme {{IPA|[w]}}, while the glyph व was instead used to represent the phoneme {{IPA|[b]}}.
• The glyph य़ was used to represent the phoneme [j], while the glyph य was used to represent the phoneme [dz]. Many words that contained the phoneme [j] also shifted in pronunciation to [dz], following a common trend in Indo-Aryan languages.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Indo-Aryan languages - Characteristics of Middle Indo-Aryan {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-Aryan-languages/Characteristics-of-Middle-Indo-Aryan |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

Sindhi's and Saraiki's implosives are accommodated in Devanagari with a line attached below—a diacritical bar: {{lang|sd-Deva|ॻ}} {{IPA|[ɠə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|ॼ}} {{IPA|[ʄə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|ॾ}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|ॿ}} {{IPA|[ɓə]}}.

In Tamil script, the special character {{lang|ta|ஃ}} ({{lang|ta|ஆய்த எழுத்து}}, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|āyda eḻuttu}}) is used like nuqta to represent non-native consonants.

In Thaana script of Maldives, one or many nuqtas are added to their native consonants to represent Perso-Arabic consonants, and each phoneme is encoded as a whole in the Unicode block (instead of a separate codepoint for the diacritic).

• Hindustani phonology
• Hindi-Urdu transliteration
• Hunterian transliteration

{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

{{reflist}}

• Vajpeyi, K. D. (Kishorī Dās Vājpayī; किशोरीदास वाजपेयी), Hindī shabdanushāsan हिन्दी शब्दनुशासन (1957, 1958, 1973, 1976, 1988).

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb8fZ6zzAW4 Nuqte ka funda | नुक़्ते का फ़ंडा | نقطے کا فنڈا] (in Hindi/Urdu)
• [http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/indic-overview/ An Introduction to Indic scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715125312/http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/indic-overview/ |date=2009-07-15 }}
• [http://tdil-dc.in/tdildcMain/articles/737061Hindi%20Script%20Grammar%20ver%201.4-2.pdf SCRIPT GRAMMAR FOR HINDI LANGUAGE]

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Category:Urdu script

Category:Brahmic diacritics

Category:Hindustani orthography