nylon 11
Nylon 11 or Polyamide 11 (PA 11) is a polyamide, bioplastic and a member of the nylon family of polymers produced by the polymerization of 11-aminoundecanoic acid. It is produced from castor beans by Arkema under the trade name Rilsan.{{Citation|last1=Herzog|first1=Ben|title=Polyamides|date=2013|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/14356007.a21_179.pub3|isbn=9783527306732|last2=Kohan|first2=Melvin I.|last3=Mestemacher|first3=Steve A.|last4=Pagilagan|first4=Rolando U.|last5=Redmond|first5=Kate|s2cid=241272519 }}
Nylon 11 is applied in the fields of oil and gas, aerospace, automotive, textiles, electronics and sports equipment, frequently in tubing, wire sheathing, and metal coatings.{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremematerials-arkema.com/en/product-families/rilsan-polyamide-11-family/|title=Rilsan PA11 Brochure|date=2005|website=Arkema|access-date=2018-11-28}}
History
In 1938, a research director for Thann & Mulhouse, Joseph Zeltner, first conceived the idea of Nylon 11, which was suggested in the works of Wallace Carothers.{{Cite book|date=1987|editor-last=Seymour|editor-first=Raymond B.|editor2-last=Kirshenbaum|editor2-first=Gerald S.|title=High Performance Polymers: Their Origin and Development|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-7073-4|isbn=978-94-011-7075-8}} Thann & Mulhouse had already been involved in processing castor oil for 10-undecenoic-acid, which would eventually be converted into the first amount of 11-aminoundecanoic acid in 1940 with the help of coworkers Michel Genas and Marcel Kastner. In 1944, Kastner sufficiently improved the monomer process and the first patents for Nylon 11 were filed in 1947.{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkema-americas.com/en/media/news-overview/news/Arkema-celebrates-the-70th-birthday-of-its-flagship-Rilsan-polyamide-11-brand/|title=Arkema celebrates the 70th birthday of its flagship Rilsan® polyamide 11 brand|last=Arkema|website=www.arkema-americas.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-18}} The first nylon 11 thread was created in 1950 and full industrial production began with the opening of the Marseilles production facility in 1955, which remains the sole producer of 11-aminoudecanoic acid today.
Currently Arkema polymerizes Nylon 11 in Birdsboro, PA, Changshu, and Serquigny.{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremematerials-arkema.com/export/sites/technicalpolymers/.content/medias/downloads/article-reprints/rilsan-article-reprints/RilsanFamily_eco-profile_article.pdf|title=APPLICATION OF ECO-PROFILE METHODOLOGY TO POLYAMIDE 11|last=Devaux|first=Jean-François|website=Arkema}}
Chemistry
The chemical process of creating Nylon 11 begins with ricinoleic acid which makes up 85-90% of castor oil. Ricinoleic acid is first transesterified with methanol creating methyl ricinoleate, which is then cracked to create heptaldehyde and methyl undecylenate. These undergo hydrolysis to create methanol, which is re-used in the initial transesterification of ricinoleic acid, and undecylenic acid that is added on to hydrogen bromide. After hydrolysis, hydrogen bromide then undergoes nucleophilic substitution with ammonia to form 11-aminoundecanoic acid, which is polymerized into nylon 11.
Properties
As seen in the table below, Nylon 11 has lower values of density, flexural and Young's modulus, water absorption, as well as melting and glass transition temperatures. Nylon 11 is seen to have increased dimensional stability in the presence of moisture due to its low concentration of amides. Nylon 11 experiences 0.2-0.5% length variation and 1.9% weight variation after 25 weeks of submersion in water in comparison to 2.2-2.7% elongation variation and 9.5% weight variation for Nylon 6.
| class="wikitable"
|+General properties of Nylon 11, Nylon 6 ! !Young's modulus{{Cite book|date=1996-01-01|title=Permeability and other film properties of plastics and elastomers}} !Elongation !Water absorption at 0.32 cm thick !Glass transition |
| Nylon 11
|1.03-1.05 g/cm3 |335 MPa |1200 MPa |300-400% |0.4% |180-190 °C |42 °C |
| Nylon 6
|1.13 - 1.16 g/cm3 |725 - 863 MPa |2400 Mpa |300% |1.3-1.9% |210 - 220 °C |48-60 °C |
Applications
= Tubing =
Due to its low water absorption, increased dimensional stability when exposed to moisture, heat and chemical resistance, flexibility, and burst strength, nylon 11 is used in various applications for tubing. In the fields of automotive, aerospace, pneumatics, medical, and oil and gas, nylon 11 is used in fuel lines, hydraulic hoses, air lines, umbilical hoses, catheters, and beverage tubing.
= Electrical =
= Coatings =
Nylon 11 is used in metal coatings for noise reduction and protection against UV exposure as well as resistance to chemicals, abrasion, and corrosion.{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrightcoating.com/specialty-coatings/coatings/nylon|title=Nylon Coating Services|website=www.wrightcoating.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}
= Textiles =
Nylon 11 is used in textiles through brush bristles, lingerie, filters, as well as woven and technical fabrics.{{Cite book|title=Handbook of textile fibres. Volume 1, Natural fibers|last=Gordon.|first=Cook, J.|isbn=9781845693152|edition= Fifth|location=Cambridge, England|oclc=874158248|date = 1984-01-01}}