oath of office of the president of the United States

{{blockquote|Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=13|year=2013}}}}

File:LBJOathOfOffice1963.jpg Sarah T. Hughes administering the presidential oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, November 22, 1963]]

A newly elected or re-elected president of the United States begins his four-year term of office at noon on the twentieth day of January following the election, and, by tradition, takes the oath of office during an inauguration on that date; prior to 1937 the president's term of office began on March 4.{{Cite web| url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx| title=Twentieth Amendment| last1=Larson| first1=Edward J.| last2=Shesol| first2=Jeff| work=Interactive Constitution| publisher=National Constitution Center| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| access-date=August 1, 2019}} If January 20 falls on a Sunday, the president will be sworn in that day by taking the oath privately, but will then re-take the oath in a public ceremony the next day, on January 21.

Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president. In these situations the oath of office was administered to the new president as quickly as possible, as doing so allowed the presidency to continue uninterrupted.{{Cite magazine| title=Abrupt Transition| last=Arbelbide| first=C. L.| url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/winter/abrupt-transition-1.html| magazine=Prologue| date=Winter 2000| volume=32| issue=4| publisher=National Archives| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=August 1, 2019}}

File:Flickr - USCapitol - Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Inauguration.jpg being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on March 4, 1933, the first of Roosevelt's four presidential inaugurations]]

While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it has been administered by the chief justice beginning with John Adams, except following the death of a sitting president. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.{{cite web|title=Presidential Election of 1789|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|access-date=October 21, 2015}}{{cite web |title=George Washington's Inaugural Address |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/ |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=October 4, 2015}} William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.{{cite web |title=President Millard Fillmore, 1850 |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/mfillmore1850.cfm |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |access-date=2009-01-23}} Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.Glenn D. Kittler, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=Rdf2UaOmJ9Ol4APT44CICg&id=XZ4MAQAAMAAJ&dq=porter+dale+swearing+in+calvin+coolidge&q=porter+dale Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents], 1965, page 167.Porter H. Dale, "The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale", Vermont History, 1994, Volume 62, pp. 214–222. Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963; the only time a woman has administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 chief justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one associate justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.

The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear." While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99539230|title=Oath Of Office: To Swear Or To Affirm|date=January 18, 2009|work=NPR.org}} Franklin Pierce is the only president known to have used the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."{{cite book |last=Bendat |first=Jim |title=Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789–2013 |publisher=iUniverse |year=2012 |pages=xi, 28, 36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Js6TR0cNF4C |isbn=978-1-935278-47-4}} Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, swore, rather than affirmed.{{cite web |last=Swallow |first=Wendy |title=Quaker Presidents and the Oath of Office |date=July 1, 2016 |url= https://www.renofriends.org/quaker-presidents-and-the-oath-of-office/ | publisher=Reno Friends Quaker Meeting |website=renofriends.org |access-date=December 22, 2021}}{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0OCW3cWocQ&t=890 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Q0OCW3cWocQ |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}

There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.

Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1881/09/23/archives/the-new-administration-president-arthur-formally-inaugurated.html | work=The New York Times | title=The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated | date=September 23, 1881}} In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice William H. Taft began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...", Hoover replied with a simple "I do."{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctAKm9G8ji8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ctAKm9G8ji8 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Herbert Hoover Takes the Oath of Office|date=February 6, 2009|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}

Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHoSUBzO0f0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/OHoSUBzO0f0 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt – Oath of office March 4th, 1933|date=June 19, 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the chief justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MR-rjy2FqFw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/MR-rjy2FqFw |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Harry S. Truman – Oath of office January 20th, 1949|date=June 19, 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}

File:President Biden taking oath of office (cropped).png takes the oath of office on the Biden family Bible, January 20, 2021.]]

By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.http://www.stjohns1.org/portal/gwib "St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons".Joint Congressional Committee on Inauguration Ceremonies website: [http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/gwashington1789.cfm "Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120211425/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/gwashington1789.cfm |date=2009-01-20 }}. Retrieved 2009-02-16.

Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry S. Truman, followed suit in kissing the Bible,{{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |author-link=David McCullough |title=Truman |year=1992 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-86920-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu/page/347 347], 729 |title-link=Truman (book)}} Harry Truman is a notable example, as he bent and kissed the Bible upon taking the oath for the first time, on April 12, 1945, as well as at his second inauguration. although in 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower said a prayer at the end instead.{{cite web|url=http://www.wtol.com/Global/story.asp?S=9591104 |title=Inaugural fun facts |location= Toledo, OH |publisher=WTOL.com |access-date=2010-08-07}} Truman, Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama each swore the oath on two Bibles.

The large leather-bound Bible used by Joe Biden had been in the Biden family since 1893.{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/significance-bible-joe-biden-inauguration-day/story?id=75369058 |title=The significance of the Bible Joe Biden is using on Inauguration Day |last=Schumaker |first=Erin |date=January 20, 2021 |website=abcnews.go.com |publisher=ABC News Network |access-date=January 21, 2021}}

Thomas Jefferson and Calvin Coolidge did not use a Bible in their oath-taking ceremonies.{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/catholicchurchmissalnotbibleusedbyjohnsonforoathatdallaswwashingtonpostfebruary261967 |title=Catholic Church Missal Not Bible Used By Johnson For Oath At Dallas, Andrew J. Glass, Washington Post , February 26 1967 |language=English}} Theodore Roosevelt did not use the Bible when taking the oath in 1901,{{cite web|url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/bibles|title=Bibles Used in Inaugural Ceremonies|access-date=March 24, 2015|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925112209/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/bibles|archive-date=September 25, 2015}} nor did John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of law, with the intention that he was swearing on the Constitution.{{cite web | last = Kennon| first = Donald| year = 2005| url = https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/jqadams1825.cfm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090130032421/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/jqadams1825.cfm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2009-01-30| title = Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present| access-date = 2009-01-30}} Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in at his first inauguration on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One, believing it was a Bible, in the immediate aftermath of the assassination of John F. Kennedy; he swore in on a Bible at his second inauguration.{{cite news | author=Glass, Andrew J.| title=Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=February 26, 1967| url=http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/M%20Disk/Manchester%20William%20Unclassified%20Part%203/Item%2024.pdf| access-date=June 15, 2014}}

Donald Trump swore on two Bibles for his first inauguration: one given to him by his mother when he was a child, and the Lincoln Bible. These two Bibles were present at Trump's side during his second inauguration, but he did not place his hand on them.{{Cite web |title=Trump Takes Oath Without Touching Bible |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-inauguration-president-2025/card/trump-takes-oath-without-touching-bible-R4Nv0QALlSoCBs4ifVM7 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |date=January 20, 2025|website=The Wall Street Journal|first=Xavier |last=Martinez}}{{Cite web |last=Chasan |first=Aliza |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Did Trump put his hand on the Bible at inauguration? Here's what to know about the tradition. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-bible-inauguration/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=CBS News}}

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{{Further|So help me God#United States|Oath}}

The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions{{cite web |url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1777.htm |title=Georgia Constitution of 1777 |work=GeorgiaInfo |publisher=University of Georgia Libraries |access-date=2012-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114004206/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/con1777.htm |archive-date=2012-11-14 }} as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html |title=Intelligence in the War of Independence |access-date=December 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210140354/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }}{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/oaths.html|title=Oaths of Enlistment and Oaths of Office|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210024815/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/oaths.html|url-status=dead}} Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[http://www.constitution.org/uslaw/judiciary_1789.htm Judiciary Act of 1789], Sec. 7. Retrieved 2009-01-24. In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God," and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.

File:George H. W. Bush inauguration.jpg being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice William Rehnquist on January 20, 1989]]

There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath.Peter R. Henriques, "[http://hnn.us/articles/59548.html 'So Help Me God': A George Washington Myth that Should Be Discarded]". History Bytes News Network (January 12, 2009). The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.{{cite book|last = Griswold|first = Rufus W.|title = The Republican court, or, American society in the days of Washington|orig-year = 1854|url = https://archive.org/details/republicancourt00grisgoog|publisher = D. Appleton and Company|location = New York|pages = [https://archive.org/details/republicancourt00grisgoog/page/n193 141]–142|year = 1855}} The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, Vol. 15, pp. 404–405. without reference to Washington's adding "So help me God" to his acceptance.

The historical debate over who first used "So help me God" is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear ...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.{{cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18650410&cl=CL1.SDU&e=10-04-1865|title=Letters from Washington: Inauguration Day|newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union|date=April 10, 1865|via=California Digital Newspaper Collection|page=8|access-date=December 18, 2018}} The Daily Union account is embellished in several ways, and other newspaper accounts published nearer to the ceremony do not mention the phrase (but they do not quote the oath in any form).{{cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1865-03-05/ed-1/seq-1 |title=The New York herald. [volume], March 05, 1865, Image 1 |newspaper=New York Herald |date=6 March 1865 |via=Library of Congress, Chronicling America |access-date=September 25, 2019}} In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God." In 1929, Time magazine reported that the chief justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ..." Hoover replied with a simple "I do."

A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath. This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialrecordn00unkngoog |title=Memorial record of the nation's tribute to Abraham Lincoln|editor= Benjamin Franklin Morris|publisher=W. H. & O. H. Morrison |access-date=2010-08-07|year=1865}} The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionspr00chitgoog |title=Recollections of President Lincoln and his Administration|first=Lucius Eugene|last=Chittenden|publisher=Harper & Brothers |year=1904 |access-date=2010-08-07}}{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/anecdotallincol00selbgoog |title=Anecdotal Lincoln |author= Peter Selby|publisher=Thompson & Thomas |year=1900 |access-date=2010-08-07}} During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven,"{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp|work=The Avalon Project |title=First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln|publisher= Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University}} something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A. M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.{{cite book |last=Foster |first=James Mitchell |url=https://archive.org/details/christking00fostgoog |title=Christ the King |publisher=James H. Earle |year=1894 |location=Boston |page=[https://archive.org/details/christking00fostgoog/page/n292 277] |orig-year=1894}} In fact, Milligan did write to Lincoln, but his request was not that Lincoln add "so help me God" to the Oath, but rather that the name of Jesus Christ be added to the U.S. Constitution. [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/P?mal:6:./temp/~ammem_h0u9::]{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}}{{cite book|last = Foster|first = James Mitchell|title = Reformation Principles Stated and Applied|url = http://www.openlibrary.org/details/reformationprinc00fostrich|publisher = F. H. Revell|location = Chicago and New York|pages = 234–235|year = 1890}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Richard Gardiner's research published in the White House History Quarterly, November 2024, offers contemporary evidence for presidents who used the phrase going back to William Henry Harrison in 1841, and Andrew Jackson.[https://www.whitehousehistory.org/quarterly-issues/inaugural-traditions “So Help Me God”: The Beginnings of an Inaugural Tradition by Richard Gardiner ]

All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=199|title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875}} Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the additional phrase, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered it.{{cite web|title = Inauguration of the President: Facts & Firsts|publisher = U.S. Senate|url = http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/factsandfirsts/|access-date = December 13, 2008|archive-date = January 10, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110193018/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/factsandfirsts/|url-status = dead}}

File:Second oath of office of Barack Obama.jpg being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the second time, on January 21, 2009]]

• In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when, as Chief Justice, he swore in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[https://web.archive.org/web/20090203100459/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,846311,00.html Time Magazine], Mar. 25, 1929]. Retrieved 2009-01-23. {{Dead link|date=January 2021}}
• In 1925, Chief Justice Taft, himself formerly a president of the United States, administered second oath of President Calvin Coolidge saying "...the office of the President of the United States" instead of "...the office of President of the United States", then continued the oath "and that to the best of my ability" instead of "and will to the best of my ability" as well as "...protect, preserve and defend" instead of the correct order "...preserve, protect and defend".{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HM074DqTEg&ab_channel=%E2%A8%82stupstickman |title=President Calvin Coolidge is sworn in (March 4, 1925) [with Audio] |date=2025-01-17 |last=⨂ stupstickman |access-date=2025-01-20 |via=YouTube}}
• Again in 1929, Chief Justice Taft famously garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover saying "...the office of the President of the United States" instead of "...the office of President of the United States", then continued the oath "and to the best of my ability" instead of "and will to the best of my ability" as well as using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution," instead of "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution." Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/world/01/21/09/chief-justice-leads-obama-stumble-presidential-oath |title=Chief justice leads Obama to stumble presidential oath |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=2009-01-21 |access-date=2010-08-07}}{{cite web|url=http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/01/no-problems-with-todays-oath-at-the-supreme-court.html |title=No Problems With Today's Oath at the Supreme Court – The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times |publisher=Legaltimes.typepad.com |date=2009-01-21 |access-date=2010-08-07}}
• In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "Do you, Harry Shipp Truman, ..." Truman responded: "I, Harry S. Truman, ..."McCullough, p. 347.
• In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as chief justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
• In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon B. Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States."{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3HEglMipos|title = Lyndon B. Johnson Oath of Office, January 20, 1965|website = YouTube| date=19 June 2007 |access-date = 2009-02-01}}
• In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect," resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
• In 2009, Chief Justice John Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully," which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."{{cite news| first = Pete| last = Williams| title = About That Oath Flub| url = http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/20/1751351.aspx| publisher = MSNBC| date = January 20, 2009| access-date = January 21, 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090121194437/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/20/1751351.aspx| archive-date = January 21, 2009}}:File:Barack Obama Oath of Office.ogg The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.{{cite news | title = Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/21/obama.oath/index.html| publisher = CNN| date = January 21, 2013| access-date = January 21, 2009}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7843881.stm Obama is Sworn in for Second Time], BBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2009. This incident provided for the title and much of the content of Jeffrey Toobin's 2012 book, The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court.

{{details|topic=the inauguration ceremony and its history|United States presidential inauguration}}

Since the office of President of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 59 public swearing-in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2021 inauguration of Joe Biden, the presidential oath has been taken 76 different times by 45{{efn|{{As of|2025}}. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus, conventionally, Grover Cleveland is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and Donald Trump is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.}} persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.{{cite web | url=https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/inauguration-us-capitol| title=Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol| publisher=Architect of the Capitol| access-date=January 22, 2017}}

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File:US Presidents Map of Oaths and Exits.png—names underlined in grey) or resignation (one, noted by a superscript 'R'). The inset at the bottom of the map is Oath or Affirmation Clause (Article II, Section One, Clause 8) of the U.S. Constitution.]]

• Presidential Succession Act
• Oath of office of the vice president of the United States
• United States presidential transition

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|United States presidential oath of office|Oath of office of the president of the United States}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• Forrest Church, Ph.D., [https://books.google.com/books?id=YOWX0jLPbkwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA445 "Did George Washington Say 'So Help Me God'?"]
• {{youTube|tYnYdT1CqTc}} Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt – Barack H. Obama

{{US Constitution}}

{{US inaugurations}}

Category:Presidency of the United States

Category:United States presidential history

Category:United States presidential inaugurations

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