ogonek#E caudata and o caudata

• Avestan romanization (letters ą, ą̇, m̨)
• Cahto (ą, ę)
• Cayuga (ę, ǫ)
• Chickasaw (ą, į, ǫ)
• Chipewyan (ą ąą ę ęę ę̈ ę̈ę̈ ı̨ ı̨ı̨ ǫ ǫǫ ų ųų)
• Dadibi (ą, ę, į, ǫ)
• Dogrib (ą, ąą, ę, ęę, ı̨, ı̨ı̨, ǫ, ǫǫ, ų, ųų)
• Elfdalian (ą, ę, į, ų, y̨ and ą̊)
• some romanizations of Ancient Greek (ą, ę, ǫ){{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
• Ho-Chunk (ą, ąą, į, įį, ų, ųų){{cite web |url=http://hocak.info/ |title=Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division |publisher=Ho-Chunk Nation |location=Mauston, Wisconsin |access-date=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003555/http://www.hocak.info/ |archive-date=2003-04-23 }}
• etymological Interslavic (ę, ų)
• Kashubian (ą)
• scholarly transcriptions of Vulgar Latin and Proto-Romance (ę, ǫ)
• Lithuanian (ą, ę, į, ų)
• Navajo (ą ą́ ąą ą́ą́ ę ę́ ęę ę́ę́ į į́ įį į́į́ ǫ ǫ́ ǫǫ ǫ́ǫ́)
• Ojibwe in older Romanization standards, representing either nasalization or vowel backing (ą, ąą, ą́, ę, įį, ǫǫ)
• scholarly transcriptions of Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic (ę, ǫ)
• Old Norse (ǫ {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, ǫ́ {{IPA|[ɔː]}}, o᷎, ǫ᷎),{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06116-n3077-medieval-us.pdf |title=N3077: Response to UTC/US contribution N3037R (Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters) |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2006-03-31}} (ę {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, æ {{IPA|[ɛː]}}), (Alternatively, ą, ę, ǫ, ø̨, etc. instead represent any nasalized vowel ({{IPA|[ã]}}, {{IPA|[ẽ]}}, {{IPA|[õ]}}, {{IPA|[ø̃]}}, etc.) corresponding to the Norse runic letter Áss and the Proto-Norse runic letter AnsuR.) Also (t̨)
• Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic (æ̨, ø̨, a᷎, e᷎, i᷎, o᷎, ø᷎, u᷎)
• Onondaga dialects (ę, ǫ), (Alternatively, eñ and oñ can also be used. ų is sometimes used for ǫ)
• Polish (letters ą, ę)
• Rheinische Dokumenta (ą̈, ǫ, ǫ̈, ą̈ą̈, ǫǫ, ǫ̈ǫ̈)
• Sierra Otomi (ą, į, ę, ǫ, ų)
• Tutchone (į, ų, ų̈, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą)

Example in Polish:

: {{lang|pl|Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,}}

: {{lang|pl|Po cóż pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?“}}

: — The ox asks him: "Mr. beetle, why do you buzz like that in the thicket?"

:: — Jan Brzechwa, Chrząszcz

Example in Cayuga:

: {{lang|cay|Ęyǫgwędę́hte}}{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} — we will become poor

Example in Chickasaw:

: {{lang|cic|Nǫwali}} - I am walking

Example in Dogrib:

: {{lang|dgr|dǫ sǫǫ̀łįį}} — native people

Example in Lithuanian:

: {{lang|lt|Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai}}

: {{lang|lt|Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai}}

:: — Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian:

:"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."

:: — Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (see Americanist phonetic notation).

The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Tłįchǫ Yatiì, Slavey, Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian. In Polish, ę is nasalized e; however, ą is nasalized o, not a, because of a vowel shift: ą, originally a long nasal a, turned into a short nasal o when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared.

In Lithuanian, the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography).

Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denoted lowering in vowels, and, since 1976, in consonants as well, in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the left half ring diacritic {{angbr IPA|◌̜}}, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek.{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=M. Stanley|year=2003|title=Rhotic representation: problems and proposals|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=23|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001166|s2cid=145538124}} Page 84, note 2.

In Rheinische Dokumenta, it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with umlaut marks.

The E caudata (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography. The O caudata of Old NorseFor this traditional and correct name, see e.g. Einar Haugen (ed. and trans.), First Grammatical Treatise, 2nd edition, Longman, 1972. (letter ǫ, with ǫ́){{cite web |url=http://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_0180.html |title=Non-European and historic Latin |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=2011-05-15}}{{cite web |url=http://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/slavling/downloads/SK_Slavic_Unicode_I.pdf |title=Unicode 4.1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives (I) |author=Sebastian Kempgen |date=2006 |access-date=2016-11-12}} is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels.{{cite web |url=http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/proposal/range2F-v2.html |title=Characters with a combining hook above |publisher=Medieval Unicode Font Initiative |date=2003-02-05 |access-date=2016-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031653/http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/proposal/range2F-v2.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 }} Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek' is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, the E caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel {{IPA|[ɛ]}} or {{IPA|[æ]}}.

The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritic marks. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same.

In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a᷎ e᷎ i᷎ o᷎ ø᷎ u᷎.

{{Letters with diacritic/header}}{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=ogonek}}Ą{{NNBSP}}ą

| Ą́{{NNBSP}}ą́

| Ą̃{{NNBSP}}ą̃

| Ą̈{{NNBSP}}ą̈

| Ą̊{{NNBSP}}ą̊

| Æ̨{{NNBSP}}æ̨

| C̨{{NNBSP}}c̨

| Ę{{NNBSP}}ę

| Ę́{{NNBSP}}ę́

| Ę̃{{NNBSP}}ę̃

| Į{{NNBSP}}į

| Į́{{NNBSP}}į́

| Į̃{{NNBSP}}į̃

| M̨{{NNBSP}}m̨

| N̨{{NNBSP}}n̨

| Ǫ{{NNBSP}}ǫ

| Ǭ{{NNBSP}}ǭ

| Ǫ̈{{NNBSP}}ǫ̈

| Ǫ́{{NNBSP}}ǫ́

| Ø̨{{NNBSP}}ø̨

| T̨{{NNBSP}}t̨

| Ų{{NNBSP}}ų

| Ų́{{NNBSP}}ų́

| Ų̃{{NNBSP}}ų̃

| Ų̈{{NNBSP}}ų̈

| Y̨{{NNBSP}}y̨

}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages.

Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for {{angbr|æ̨}} or {{angbr|ø̨}}).

{{charmap

| 02DB | name1 = Ogonek

| 0328 | name2 = Combining Ogonek

| 1DCE | name3 = Combining Ogonek Above

}}

{{charmap

| 0104 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter A with Ogonek

| 0105 | name2 = Latin Small Letter A with Ogonek

| 0118 | name3 = Latin Capital Letter E with Ogonek

| 0119 | name4 = Latin Small Letter E with Ogonek

| map3 = ISO 8859-2 / ISO 8859-4 / ISO 8859-10 | map3char1 = A1 | map3char2 = B1 | map3char3 = CA | map3char4 = EA

| namedref1 = Named character reference

| ref1char1 = Ą | ref1char2 = ą | ref1char3 = Ę | ref1char4 = ę

}}

{{charmap

| 012E | name1 = Latin Capital Letter I with Ogonek

| 012F | name2 = Latin Small Letter I with Ogonek

| 01EA | name3 = Latin Capital Letter O with Ogonek

| 01EB | name4 = Latin Small Letter O with Ogonek

| namedref1 = Named character reference

| ref1char1 = Į | ref1char2 = į

}}

{{charmap

| 01EC | name1 = Latin Capital Letter O with Ogonek
and Macron

| 01ED | name2 = Latin Small Letter O with Ogonek
and Macron

| 0172 | name3 = Latin Capital Letter U with Ogonek

| 0173 | name4 = Latin Small Letter U with Ogonek

| namedref1 = Named character reference

| ref1char3 = Ų | ref1char4 = ų

}}

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In LaTeX2e, macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.)

However, \k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying e (ę), suitably for Polish, while \textogonekcentered horizontally centers the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata. So \textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually, \k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{o}, and \k{O} is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{O}.See t1enc.def in LaTeX2e distributions.

The package TIPA, activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist}}

{{wiktionary}}

• [http://diacritics.typo.cz/ Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents]
• [http://www.twardoch.com/download/polishhowto/ogonek.html Polish Diacritics — How To?]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206111237/http://www.alvdalen.se/alvdalska/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska (March, 2005)]
• [https://www.w3schools.com/charsets/ref_utf_latin_extended_a.asp w3schools.com — UTF-8 Latin Extended A]

{{Navbox diacritical marks}}

{{Latin script||ogonek}}

Category:Latin-script diacritics

Category:Lithuanian language

Diakrytyka