olfactores

The name Olfactores comes from Latin *olfactores ("smellers," from purposive supine olfactum of olfacio, "to smell," with plural masculine agentive nominalizing suffix -tores), due to the development of pharyngeal respiratory and sensory functions, in contrast with cephalochordates such as the lancelet which lack a respiratory system and specialized sense organs.{{harvnb|Benton|2000}}

The long-standing Euchordata hypothesis that Cephalochordata is a sister taxon to Craniata was once widely accepted,{{harvnb|Stach|2008}} likely influenced by significant tunicate morphological apomorphies from other chordates, with cephalochordates even being nicknamed ‘honorary vertebrates.’{{harvnb|Ax|2001}}

The name Olfactores was originally introduced in 1991 as part of the now-disproven calcichordate hypothesis.{{harvnb|Jeffries|page=116|loc=Fig. 15 caption}} However, studies since 2006 analyzing large sequencing datasets strongly support Olfactores as a clade.{{harvnb|Delsuc|2006}}{{harvnb|Dunn|2008}}

Studies suggest that the ancestors of Appendicularia and Vertebrata were possibly sedentary-pelagic.{{harvnb|Delsuc|Philippe|Tsagkogeorga|Simion|2018}}{{harvnb|Nanglu|Lerosey-Aubril|Weaver|Ortega-Hernández|2023}}{{harvnb|Martynov|Korshunova|2022}} A rudimentary neural crest is present in tunicates, implying its presence in the Olfactores ancestor also, as vertebrates have a true neural crest.{{harvnb|York|McCauley|2020}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last1=Ax |first1=P. |title=Das System der Metazoa: ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik |date=2001 |publisher= Spektrum Akademischer Verlag |isbn= 9783437308031}}
• {{cite book|last1=Benton |first1=M.J. |title=Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=14 April 2000}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Delsuc |first1=F |title=Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. |journal=Nature |date=2006 |volume=439|issue=7079 |pages=965–968 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..965D |doi=10.1038/nature04336 |pmid=16495997 |s2cid=4382758 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00315436/file/Delsuc-Nature06_HAL.pdf }}
• {{cite journal|last=Delsuc |first=Frédéric |last2=Philippe |first2=Hervé |last3=Tsagkogeorga |first3=Georgia |last4=Simion |first4=Paul |last5=Tilak |first5=Marie-Ka |last6=Turon |first6=Xavier |last7=López-Legentil |first7=Susanna |last8=Piette |first8=Jacques |last9=Lemaire |first9=Patrick |title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates |journal=BMC Biology |volume=16 |number=39 |date=2018-04-13 |doi-access=free |language=en |doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2 |hdl=10261/163664 |hdl-access=free |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236448v3|pmc=5899321 }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Dunn |first1=C.W. |title=Broad phylogenetic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. |journal=Nature |volume=452 |year=2008 |issue=7188 |doi=10.1038/nature06614 |pages=745–749 |pmid=18322464 |bibcode=2008Natur.452..745D |s2cid=4397099 }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Fedonkin |first1=M. A. |last2=Vickers-Rich |first2=P.| last3=Swalla |first3=B. J. |last4=Trusler |first4=P. |last5=Hall |first5=M. |title=A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=46 |pages=1–11 |year=2012 |doi=10.1134/S0031030112010042 |s2cid=128415270}}
• {{cite book|last1=Jeffries |first1=R. P. S. |chapter=Two types of bilateral symmetry in the Metazoa: chordate and bilaterian |editor-last1=Bock |editor-first1=Gregory R. |editor-last2=Marsh |editor-first2=Joan |title=Biological Asymmetry and Handedness |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |series=Ciba Foundation Symposium |number=162 |doi=10.1002/9780470514160.ch7}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Martynov |first1=Alexander V. |last2=Korshunova |first2=Tatiana A. |date=2022-08-11 |title=Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/91/4-5/article-p285_003.xml |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=91 |issue=4-5 |pages=285–352 |doi=10.1163/18759866-bja10034 |issn=1875-9866}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Nanglu |first1=Karma |last2=Lerosey-Aubril |first2=Rudy |last3=Weaver |first3=James C. |last4=Ortega-Hernández |first4=Javier |date=2023-07-06 |title=A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3832 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10325964 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39012-4}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Stach |first1=Thomas |title=Chordate phylogeny and evolution: a not so simple three‐taxon problem |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2008 |volume=276|issue=2 |pages=117–141 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00497.x |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Yang |first1=Chuan |last2=Li |first2=Xian-Hua |last3=Zhu |first3=Maoyan |last4=Condon |first4=Daniel J. |last5=Chen |first5=Junyuan |date=2018 |title=Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=175|issue=4|pages=659–666|doi=10.1144/jgs2017-103|bibcode=2018JGSoc.175..659Y |s2cid=135091168 |issn=0016-7649|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/521412/1/2018-JGS-Chuan%20Yang%20et%20al.pdf}}
• {{cite journal|last1=York |first1=Joshua R. |last2=McCauley |first2=David W. |year=2020 |title=The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells |journal=Open Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1098/rsob.190285 |page=190285 |pmid=31992146 |pmc=7014683 }}

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{{Chordata}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3280581}}

Category:Chordates

Category:Chordate unranked clades