order (virtue)

Order is the planning of time and organizing of resources, as well as of society.{{cite book|author-link=Erving Goffman|last=Goffman|first=Erving|title=Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order|publisher=Harper Colophon|url=https://archive.org/details/relationsinpubli0000goff|url-access=registration|year=1972|isbn=978-0-06-090276-6 }}{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/relationsinpubli0000goff/page/15/mode/1up 15]}}

Although orderliness is rarely discussed as a virtue in contemporary society, order is central to improving efficiency, and is at the heart of time management strategies such as David Allen's Getting Things Done.

Emergence

The valorisation of order in the early stages of commercialization and industrialisation was linked by R. H. Tawney to Puritan concerns for system and method in 17th-century England.{{cite book|first=R. H.|last=Tawney|title=Religion and the Rise of Capitalism|year=1937|pages=193–95|chapter=The Puritan Movement}} The same period saw English prose developing the qualities Matthew Arnold described as "regularity, uniformity, precision, balance".{{cite book|first=Deirdre N.|last=McCloskey|title=The Bourgeois Virtues|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues0000mccl|url-access=registration|chapter=Hope and Its Banishment|isbn=978-0-226-55663-5 }}{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues0000mccl/page/164/mode/1up 164]}}

"Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time" is a saying attributed to Benjamin Franklin in 1730, while he was 20 years old. It was one of his 13 virtues.{{cite book|title=Autobiography|first=Benjamin|last=Franklin|url=https://archive.org/details/benjamin-franklin_the-autobiography-of-benjamin-franklin|chapter=Plan for Attaining Moral Perfection|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/benjamin-franklin_the-autobiography-of-benjamin-franklin/page/n99/mode/2up}}

A darker view of the early modern internalisation of order and discipline was taken by Michel Foucault in The Order of Things and Discipline and Punish;{{cite book|chapter=Power/Knowledge|first=Joseph|last=Rouse|editor-first=Gary|editor-last=Gutting|title=The Cambridge Companion to Foucault|year=2002|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-foucalt/page/97/mode/2up 97]–99|url=https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-companion-to-foucalt}} but for Rousseau love of order both in nature and in the harmonious psyche of the natural man was one of the tap-roots of moral conscience.{{cite book|first=Lawrence D.|last=Cooper|title=Rousseau, Nature, and the Problem of the Good Life|year=2006|pages=92–96}}

Romantic reaction

The Romantic reaction against reason, industry, and the sober virtues led to a downgrading of order as well.{{r|McCloskey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues0000mccl/page/31/mode/2up 31–32] & [https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues0000mccl/page/69/mode/1up 69]}} In art, spontaneity took precedence over method and craft;{{cite book|first=M. H.|last=Abrams|title=The mirror and the lamp|url=https://archive.org/details/mirrorlampromant0000abra_p3f8|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1971|orig-year=1953|page=[https://archive.org/details/mirrorlampromant0000abra_p3f8/page/24/mode/2up 24]}} in life, the Bohemian call of wildness and disorder eclipsed the appeal of ordered sobriety – as with the cultivated disorganization of the 1960s hippie.{{cite book|editor-first=E.|editor-last=Hoffman|title=Future Visions|year=1996|page=144}}

"Latter-day attempts such as those of Deidre McCloskey to reclaim the bourgeois virtues like order may be met in some quarters only by laughter."{{r|McCloskey|page=[https://archive.org/details/bourgeoisvirtues0000mccl/page/5/mode/1up 5]}}

Sociology

Sociologists—while noting that praise of order is generally associated with a conservative stance – one that can be traced back through Edmund Burke and Richard Hooker to Aristotle{{cite book|first=Shelley|last=Burtt|title=Virtue Transformed: Political Argument in England, 1688–1740|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/virtuetransforme0000burt|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/virtuetransforme0000burt/page/54/mode/2up 54]|isbn=978-0-521-37528-3 }}—point out that many taken-for-granted aspects of social order (such as which side of the road to drive on) produce substantial and equitable advantages for individuals at very little personal cost.{{r|Goffman|page=[https://archive.org/details/relationsinpubli0000goff/page/16/mode/1up 16]}} Conversely, breakdowns in public order reveal everyone's daily dependence upon the smooth functioning of the wider society.{{r|Goffman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/relationsinpubli0000goff/page/16/mode/2up 16–17]}}

Durkheim saw anomie as the existential reaction to the ordered disorder of modern society.{{cite book|first=John|last=O'Neill|title=Sociology as a Skin Trade|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologyasskint0000onei|url-access=registration|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1972|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologyasskint0000onei/page/181/mode/1up 181]}}

Psychology

Jungians considered orderliness (along with restraint and responsibility) as one of the virtues attributable to the senex or old man—as opposed to the spontaneous openness of the puer or eternal youth.{{cite book|first=M.|last=Jacoby|title=The Analytic Encounter|year=1984|page=118}}

Freud saw the positive traits of orderliness and conscientiousness as rooted in anal eroticism.{{cite book|first=Sigmund|last=Freud|chapter=Character and Anal Erotism|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onsexualitythree0007freu/page/209/mode/1up|chapter-url-access=registration|year=1908|title=On Sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/onsexualitythree0007freu|url-access=registration|series=Penguin Freud Library|volume=7|pages=209–215}}

20th-century examples

Freud himself was a highly organised personality, ordering his life – at work and play – with the regularity of a timetable.{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Gay|title=Freud: A Life for Our Time|url=https://archive.org/details/freudlifeforourt0000gayp_t6o5|url-access=registration|year=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/freudlifeforourt0000gayp_t6o5/page/157/mode/1up 157]|publisher=Papermac |isbn=978-0-333-48638-2 }}

William Osler was another highly successful physician who built his life on a highly organised basis.{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Berne|title=What Do You Say After You Say Hello?|url=https://archive.org/details/whatdoyousayafte0000eric|url-access=registration|year=1974|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatdoyousayafte0000eric/page/268/mode/1up 268]|publisher=Bantam }}

Culture

Wallace Stevens wrote of the "blessed rage for order" in Ideas of Order (1936).{{cite book|first=Wallace|last=Stevens|chapter=Ideas of Order|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectedpoemsof00stev/page/114/mode/2up|chapter-url-access=registration|title=The Collected Poems|url=https://archive.org/details/collectedpoemsof00stev|url-access=registration|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=1968|pages=130|isbn=978-0-394-40330-4 }}