ordinal (liturgy)

Historically, ordinals were texts that contained the order ({{langx|la|ordo}}) of prayers and rituals in liturgies. Additionally, some medieval ordinals were books containing the ordinary of the divine office that would be modified according to the liturgical calendar.{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|editor=Cross, F.L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|date=1957|edition=1958}}{{rp|989}} These ordinals would establish the ritual order of a rite and provide rubrical direct not present in the other texts used to celebrate liturgies.{{cite book|title=Christian Worship in East and West: A Study Guide to Liturgical History|last=Wegman|first=Herman|publisher=Pueblo Publishing Company|isbn=9780916134716|date=1985|page=222-223}} Ordinals could serve to apply the specific practices of a cathedral or religious order, as contained in their customary, to the other liturgical books.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH3ZAAAAMAAJ|title=The Use of Sarum|author=Frere, Walter Howard|date=1898|volume=I. The Sarum Customs as set forth in the Consuetudinary and Customary|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|page=xii}} The relationship with medieval ordinals and customaries has sometimes led to them being identified as synonymous.{{cite book|title=Christian Worship in East and West: A Study Guide to Liturgical History|last=Wegman|first=Herman|publisher=Pueblo Publishing Company|isbn=9780916134716|date=1985|page=223}}{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Middle Ages|editor-last=Strayer|editor-first=Joseph R.|volume=4|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York City|date=1984|page=68}}

In a modern context, an "ordinal" typically refers to the liturgical book containing the prayers and rituals associated with conferring Holy Orders in the Latin tradition of Catholicism, Lutheranism, and in Anglicanism.{{cite book|title=Concise Catholic Dictionary|chapter=Ordinal|date=1944|editor-last=Broderick|editor-first=Robert C.|location=Saint Paul, MN|publisher=Catechetical Guild Educational Society}}{{rp|245}} The use of the word in this context is thought to have originated sometime around 1600, perhaps first in John Bramhall's 1636 The consecration and succession of protestant bishops justified.{{rp|989}}{{cite book|title=The English Rite: Being a Synopsis of the Sources and Revisions of the Book of Common Prayer|author=Brightman, Frank Edward|date=1915|location=London|publisher=Rivington|volume=1|page=cxxx|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Brightman/brightman1.pdf|access-date=30 August 2022|via=Society of Archbishop Justus}}

File:Scottish Liturgy 1982 and Scottish Ordinal 1984.jpg

The English Reformation saw the introduction of Protestant liturgical ethos into the Church of England. Thomas Cranmer led the revision process that produced the Book of Common Prayer – the first version being the 1549 prayer book –, a vernacular replacement of both the various Latin-language missals and breviaries that had previously been used for the celebration of the Holy Communion and daily offices.

In 1550, Cranmer's revision of the medieval Sarum Pontifical, the first Edwardine Ordinal, was adopted. This text dropped many of the rituals that would persist in Roman Pontificals, including the presentation of mitre and ring, putting on of gloves, and anointing of the episcopal candidate. Further Reformed modifications were made in the 1552 ordinal that accompanied the second prayer book of King Edward VI the same year, but very little changed with the adoption of the 1559 Book of Common Prayer. Examining chaplains were introduced via a canon independent of the ordinal in the 1604 prayer book.{{rp|990}}

The 1552 ordinal has been a focus in debates over the validity of Anglican ordinations, with its preceding non-liturgical preface–containing reformed theological statements–and the ritual itself considered defective and "heretical" by the Catholic Church. These aspects of the 1552 ordinal played a significant part in Pope Leo XIII rejecting Anglican orders in his 1896 papal bull Apostolicae curae. This papal statement was challenged by Saepius officio, penned by members of the Church of England in 1897.{{cite book|title=Anglican Orders|last=Stephenson|first=Anthony A.|chapter=Preface|publisher=Newman Press|location=Westminster, MD|date=1956}}{{rp|9}}

The 1662 prayer book would be the first to include the ordinal not only as a text bound with the prayer book but an integral part of a single comprehensive liturgical book.{{cite book|title=The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction|last=Cummings|first=Brian|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Very Short Introductions|date=2018|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-880392-8}}{{rp|3}} Simultaneously, the formula for the ordination of priests was modified to explicitly tie the Holy Spirit's descent on a presbyterial candidate to the imposition of hands.{{rp|990}}

The Alternative Service Book of 1980 was a further development of the Church of England's ordinal. The 1980 ordinal emphasized the different level of Holy Orders and a priest's spiritual capacities. The formulae of the ordination prayers were also altered to be precatory rather than imperative.{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|editor1=Cross, F.L.|editor2=Livingstone, E.A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|date=1997|edition=3rd|chapter=Alternative Services}}{{rp|47}}

Other Anglican bodies have adopted their own local editions of ordinals. Among these are the Scottish Episcopal Church, who issued a revised ordinal within their 1929 Scottish Prayer Book–accompanied by a revised preface and relevant canons–and again with the Scottish Ordinal 1984, which itself was amended in 2006.{{cite book|title=Guide to the Scottish Prayer Book|author=Perry, William|date=1941|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-49766-5|edition=2015 reprint}}{{rp|55-57}}{{cite book|title=Scottish Ordinal 1984, amended 2006|publisher=Scottish Episcopal Church|date=2006}} The Episcopal Church in the United States has similarly revised its ordinal with the successive revisions of its own prayer books.{{cite book|title=The Genesis of The American Prayer Book: A Survey of the Origin and Development of the Liturgy of the Church in the United States of America|date=1893|publisher=James Pott & Co. Publishers|location=New York City|chapter=Appendix|author=Hart, Samuel}}{{rp|162}} The first edition of the U.S. Episcopal ordinal was published in 1792, two years after the church's first prayer book was approved, and incorporated Scottish elements.{{cite book|title=A History of Anglican Liturgy|last=Cuming|first=G.J.|publisher=St. Martin's Press, Macmillan Publishers|date=1969|edition=1st|location=London|page=189}}

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