orthogonal basis
{{Short description|Basis for v whose vectors are mutually orthogonal}}
In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthogonal basis for an inner product space is a basis for whose vectors are mutually orthogonal. If the vectors of an orthogonal basis are normalized, the resulting basis is an orthonormal basis.
As coordinates
Any orthogonal basis can be used to define a system of orthogonal coordinates Orthogonal (not necessarily orthonormal) bases are important due to their appearance from curvilinear orthogonal coordinates in Euclidean spaces, as well as in Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.
In functional analysis
In functional analysis, an orthogonal basis is any basis obtained from an orthonormal basis (or Hilbert basis) using multiplication by nonzero scalars.
Extensions
= Symmetric bilinear form =
The concept of an orthogonal basis is applicable to a vector space (over any field) equipped with a symmetric bilinear form {{tmath|1= \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle }}, where orthogonality of two vectors and means {{tmath|1= \langle v, w \rangle = 0 }}. For an orthogonal basis {{tmath|1= \left\{e_k\right\} }}:
\begin{cases}
q(e_k) & j = k \\
0 & j \neq k,
\end{cases}
where is a quadratic form associated with (in an inner product space, {{tmath|1= q(v) = \Vert v \Vert^2 }}).
Hence for an orthogonal basis {{tmath|1= \left\{e_k\right\} }},
where and are components of and in the basis.
= Quadratic form =
The concept of orthogonality may be extended to a vector space over any field of characteristic not 2 equipped with a quadratic form {{tmath|1= q(v) }}. Starting from the observation that, when the characteristic of the underlying field is not 2, the associated symmetric bilinear form allows vectors and to be defined as being orthogonal with respect to when {{tmath|1= q(v+w) - q(v) - q(w) = 0 }}.
See also
- {{annotated link|Basis (linear algebra)}}
- {{annotated link|Orthonormal basis}}
- {{annotated link|Affine space#Affine coordinates|Orthonormal frame}}
- {{annotated link|Schauder basis}}
- {{annotated link|Total set}}
References
{{reflist}}
- {{Lang Algebra | edition=3r2004 | pages=572–585 }}
- {{cite book | first1=J. | last1=Milnor | author1-link=John Milnor| first2=D. | last2=Husemoller | title=Symmetric Bilinear Forms | series=Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete | volume=73 | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1973 | isbn=3-540-06009-X | zbl=0292.10016 | page=6}}
External links
- {{MathWorld|title=Orthogonal Basis|urlname=OrthogonalBasis}}
{{linear algebra}}
{{Hilbert space}}
{{Functional analysis}}