ostension

In communication theory and especially in relevance theory, ostensive behaviour or ostension is a behaviour that signals the intention to communicate something. This can be a gesture such as pointing, or shifting position to draw an addressee's attention to something.Sperber, Dan; Wilson, Deirdre. Relevance. pp 29, 49.

Verbal communication (the act of speaking or writing something) is also ostensive behaviour, as it draws the addressee's attention to the fact that the communicator intends to convey some information. This is called the communicative intention. By contrast, the informative intention is the intention to convey said information, i.e. the actual content of the message.

The term ostension is also used by those who study folklore and urban legends to indicate real-life happenings that parallel the events told in pre-existing and well-established legends and lore. Semiotician Umberto Eco was the first to use the term to describe the way in which people communicate messages through miming actions, as by holding up a pack of cigarettes to say, "Would you like one?"Eco, Umberto. A Theory of Semiotics. pp 224–26. The concept was applied to contemporary legends by folklorists Linda Dégh and Andrew Vázsonyi, who argued that the most direct form of ostension involved committing an actual crime mentioned in a well-known urban legend, such as microwaving someone's pet animal or placing poison in a child's Halloween candy. While such events are rare, the authors stressed that folklorists must recognize "that fact can become narrative and narrative can become fact."{{cite journal|last1=Dégh|first1=Linda|last2=Vázsonyi|first2=Andrew|title=Does the Word 'Dog' Bite? Ostensive Action: A Means of Legend Telling|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|date=1983|volume=20|pages=5–34}}{{rp|29}}

Dégh and Vázsonyi, followed by other analysts, argued that there were two other forms of ostension that did not necessarily involve literal acting out of legends.

Quasi-ostension involves interpretation of ambiguous events in terms of a legend, as when a murder is first believed to have been a "cult" sacrifice or "gang" murder when in fact the perpetrator had other motives. Many local media panics are based in this form of ostension.Ellis, Bill. Legend-Trips and Satanism: Adolescents' Ostensive Traditions as "Cult" Activity. In Richardson et al., The Satanism Scare, pp 279–295.

Pseudo-ostension involves legend-like events intentionally acted out by persons aware of the original narrative. For example, in 1991, Ebony published a letter written by "C.J." a Dallas-area woman who said she was HIV-positive, but intentionally having sex with as many men as possible. Soon after, a local radio talk-show broadcast a phone call from a woman who said she was the real "C.J." "I blame it on men, period," she said to the talk-show host. "I'm doing it to all the men because it was a man that gave it to me." After a huge spike in males seeking HIV screening in the Dallas-Fort-Worth area, both the author of the letter and the talk-show caller were identified as hoaxers intending to raise consciousness of the disease.FOAFTale News 25 (March 1992): p 11.

Ostension has become an important concept for folklorists studying the ways in which folklore affects everyday people's real lives, ranging from supernatural rituals such as legend tripping to the complex ways in which awareness of AIDS has affected people's sexual habits.Goldstein, Diane. Once upon a Virus (2004). Folklorist John McDowell, in an article preceding Dégh and Vázsonyi by a year, explored the relationship between iconicity—representation—and ostension—presentation—in mythic narrative, finding in episodes of ostention a virtual encounter with the experiential substrate, an experience that he termed "narrative epiphany"."Beyond Iconicity: Ostension in Kamsa Mythic Narrative, Journal of the Folklore Institute 19 (1982). pp 119–139.

{{Wiktionary|ostension}}

• Archetype
• Exemplification
• Legend tripping

• {{cite journal

| last =Dégh

| first =Linda

| author-link = Linda Dégh

|author2=Andrew Vázsonyi

| title =Does the Word 'Dog' Bite? Ostensive Action: A Means of Legend Telling

| journal =Journal of Folklore Research

| volume =20

| pages =5–34

| date =1983

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Eco

| first = Umberto

| author-link = Umberto Eco

| title = A Theory of Semiotics

| publisher = Indiana University Press

| date = 1976

| isbn = 0-253-20217-5}}

• {{cite book

| last = Goldstein

| first = Diane E

| author-link = Diane Goldstein

| title = Once upon a Virus: Aids Legends and Vernacular Risk Perception.

| publisher = Utah State University Press

| date = 2004

| location = Logan, UT

| isbn = 0-87421-587-0 }}

• {{Cite book

| last1 = Richardson

| first1 = James T.

| author-link = James T. Richardson

| last2 = Best

| first2 = Joel

| last3 = Bromley

| first3 = David

| title = The Satanism Scare

| place= New York

| publisher = Aldine de Gruyter

| year =1991

| isbn = 0-202-30379-9 }}

• {{cite book|last1=Sperber|first1=Dan|author-link1=Dan Sperber|last2=Wilson|first2=Deirdre|author-link2=Deirdre Wilson|title=Relevance: Communication and Cognition|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-0631198789|year=1995}}
• {{cite book

| last = Jaegwon

| first = Kim

| display-authors=etal.

| author-link = Kim Jaegwon

| title = Metaphysics: An anthology

| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell

| date = 2012

| location = Chichester, U.K.

| isbn = 978-1-4443-3102-8 }}

• Ostension: Word Learning and the Embodied Mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014

Category:Communication theory

Category:Human communication

Category:Linguistics