osteophyte
{{Short description|Small abnormal bony outgrowth}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Osteophyte
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| image = Osteophytes_processus_anconeus.png
| caption = Small marginal osteophytes (arrows) of the processus anconeus of the ulna can be seen in this gross pathological specimen of a sow.
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| field = Orthopedics
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Osteophytes are exostoses (bony projections) that form along joint margins.{{DorlandsDict|six/000076553|osteophyte}} They are distinct from enthesophytes, which are bony projections that form at the attachment of a tendon or ligament.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers J, Shepstone L, Dieppe P|title=Bone formers: osteophyte and enthesophyte formation are positively associated |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=85–90 |date=Feb 1997 |pmid=9068279 |doi=10.1136/ard.56.2.85 |pmc=1752321}} Osteophytes are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way, although in many cases there are a number of differences.{{cite web|title=The Medico-chirurgical Review and Journal of Medical Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhgUAAAAQAAJ&q=is+an+exostosis+the+same+as+an+osteophyte&pg=PA91|publisher=Burgess and Hill|language=en|date=1 January 1844}} Osteophytes are typically intra-articular (within the joint capsule).{{cite journal|vauthors=Alonge TO, Rooney P, Oni OO | title=The ultrastructure of the peri-articular osteophytes - an evaluation by scanning electron microscopy. | journal=West Afr J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 147–50 | pmid=16092317 | doi= 10.4314/wajm.v24i2.28186| doi-access= free }}
Cause
File:Lateral X-ray of lumbar spine spondylosis.jpg of the lumbar spine]]
A range of bone-formation processes are associated with aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease (such as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis). Osteophyte formation has classically been related to sequential and consequential changes in such processes. Often osteophytes form in osteoarthritic joints as a result of damage and wear from inflammation. Calcification and new bone formation can also occur in response to mechanical damage in joints. >{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathan M, Pope MH, Grobler LJ |title=Osteophyte formation in the vertebral column: a review of the etiologic factors--Part II |journal=Contemporary Orthopaedics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=113–9 |date=Aug 1994 |pmid=10150240 }}
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Pathophysiology
Osteophytes form because of the increase in a damaged joint's surface area. This is most common from the onset of arthritis. Osteophytes usually limit joint movement and typically cause pain.[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-spurs/DS00627/DSECTION=6 Bone spurs] MayoClinic.com
Osteophytes form naturally on the back of the spine as a person ages and are a clinical sign of degeneration in the spine. In this case, the osteophytes are commonly not the source of back pains, but instead are a sign of an underlying problem. However, osteophytes on the spine can impinge on nerves that leave the spine for other parts of the body. This impingement can cause pain in both upper and lower limbs and a numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet because the nerves are supplying sensation to their dermatomes.
Osteophytes on the fingers or toes are known as Heberden's nodes (if on the distal interphalangeal joint) or Bouchard's nodes (if on the proximal interphalangeal joints).
Treatments
Normally, asymptomatic cases are not treated. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and surgery are two typical options for cases requiring treatment.
References
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External links
{{soft tissue disorders}}
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 18621
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|25|7|m|20}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|726.91}}
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| MeshID = D054850
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- [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-spurs/symptoms-causes/syc-20370212 Mayo Clinic website] concise information on bone spurs