palm kernel oil

Image:Elaeis guineensis MS 3467.jpg tree (Elaeis guineensis)]]

{{See also|Elaeis|l1=Oil palm}}

Oil from the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis has long been recognized in West African and Central African countries. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but palm kernel oil remained rare outside West Africa.{{Cite journal |author=S. O. Aghalino |title=British Colonial Policies And The Oil Palm Industry In The Niger Delta Region Of Bayelsa, Nigeria, 1900–1960 |journal=African Study Monographs |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |year=2000 |url=http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |access-date=2012-09-09 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234451/http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf |url-status=dead}}

The USDA has published historical production figures for palm kernel oil for years beginning October 1 and ending September 30:{{cite book |title=Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade |chapter=Table 01: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution (Commodity View) |chapter-url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf |access-date=2010-05-24 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142316/http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf |url-status=dead }}

In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia's Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory.Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K. The Malaysian government also established Kolej Serdang, which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in the 1970s to train agricultural and agroindustrial engineers and agribusiness graduates to conduct research in the field.

In 1979 with support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (Porim),{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815111345/http://economics.dstcentre.com/Development%20of%20Palm%20Oil%20and%20Related%20Products%20in%20Malaysia%20and%20Indonesia%20By%20Rajah%20Rasiah%20&%20Azmi%20Shahrin.pdf Development of Palm Oil and Related Products in Malaysia and Indonesia]}}. . Rajah Rasiah & Azmi Shahrin, Universiti Malaya, 2006. a public-and-private-coordinated institution.{{clarify|what does that mean?|date=September 2012}} B. C. Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman. Porim's scientists work in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use. Porim was renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000.

Palm kernel oil, similar to coconut oil, is high in saturated fats and is more saturated than palm oil.{{cite book |title=Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Third Edition |last=Chow |first=Ching Kuang |year=2007 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn= 9781420006902|page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hcl0fkcrfbEC&pg=PA241 |access-date=2 October 2012}} Palm kernel oil is high in lauric acid, which has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, both as LDL-C (cholesterol contained in low-density lipoprotein), which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and HDL-C (cholesterol contained in high-density lipoprotein),{{cite book |title=Integrative Medicine |last=Rakel |first=David |year=2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 978-1437717938|page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlVtJzBwAcEC&pg=PA381 |access-date=2 October 2012}} which has been shown to lower it. However, the raise in total cholesterol concentration is partly due to more HDL-C than LDL-C.{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=897–903 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/63.6.897 |pmid=8644684|last1=Temme |first1=E. H. |last2=Mensink |first2=R. P. |last3=Hornstra |first3=G. |doi-access=free }} Palm kernel oil does not contain cholesterol or trans fatty acids.{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonandknight.co.za/index.php?page=palm_kernel_oil |title=Palm Kernel oil |work=hudsonandknight.co.za |publisher=Hudson & Knight |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090403/http://www.hudsonandknight.co.za/index.php?page=palm_kernel_oil |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}

Palm kernel oil is commonly used in commercial cooking because it is lower in cost than other oils, remains stable at high cooking temperature, and can be stored longer than other vegetable oils.{{cite web |url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/314809-what-are-the-benefits-of-palm-kernel-oil/ |title=What are the benefits of palm kernel oil? |last1=Bjorklund |first1=Chad |date=22 November 2010 |work=livestrong.com |publisher=The Lance Armstrong Foundation |access-date=12 September 2012}}

The approximate concentration of fatty acids (FAs) in palm kernel oil is as follows:Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. (1999). Asian Foods{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}.

{{bar box

|title=Fatty acid content of palm kernel oil

|titlebar=#DDD

|left1=Type of fatty acid

|right1=Fraction

|width=400px

|barwidth=100px

|bars=

{{bar percent|Lauric saturated C12|red|48.2}}

{{bar percent|Myristic saturated C14|red|16.2}}

{{bar percent|Palmitic saturated C16|red|8.4}}

{{bar percent|Capric saturated C10|red|3.4}}

{{bar percent|Caprylic saturated C8|red|3.3}}

{{bar percent|Stearic saturated C18|red|2.5}}

{{bar percent|Oleic monounsaturated C18:1|orange|15.3}}

{{bar percent|Linoleic polyunsaturated C18:2|blue|2.3}}

{{bar percent|Other/Unknown|green|0.4}}

|caption=red: saturated
orange: monounsaturated
blue: polyunsaturated

}}

{{expand section |more cited content on uses in food production, soap, and cosmetics |date=June 2024}}

Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The split-off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18, depending on the type of oil or fat.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/apj.25 |title=Advanced fractionation technology for the oleochemical industry |year=2007 |last1=Faessler |first1=Peter |last2=Kolmetz |last3=Seang |last4=Lee |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=315–321 |first2=Karl |first3=Kek Wan |first4=Siang Hua|s2cid=97657291 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/compounds-fatty.html|title=Free Fatty Acids : Butter|website=WebExhibits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529182716/https://www.webexhibits.org/butter/compounds-fatty.html |archive-date= May 29, 2023 }}

Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate).{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/napalm.htm|title=Napalm|first=John|last=Pike|website=globalsecurity.org |date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829200707/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/napalm.htm |archive-date= Aug 29, 2023 }}

• Palm kernel
• Tropical agriculture
• Food vs. fuel

{{Reflist|2}}

• [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/agricultural/oil-palm/ Palm Oil – Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics by Country]
• [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2007/0707bacon.html Blood on the Palms: Afro-Colombians fight new plantations] by David Bacon, July/August 2007 Dollars & Sense

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{{Palm oil}}

Category:Cooking oils

Category:Vegetable oils

Category:Biofuels

Category:Oil palm