parosmia

There are numerous diseases with which parosmia is associated. In a case study, Frasnelli et al. examined five patients that endured parosmia or phantosmia, most as a result of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It is hypothesized that URTIs can result in parosmia because of damage to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).{{cite journal|title= A local steroid injection method for olfactory loss due to upper respiratory infection|journal=Chemical Senses|date=Jan 2005|first=K|last=Fukazawa|volume=30|pages=1212–3|doi=10.1093/chemse/bjh189 |pmid=15738120|doi-access=free}} The condition has been linked to coronavirus disease 2019 as a rare side effect.{{Cite news|last=Moss|first=Alex|date=2020-08-28|title=Covid-19 smell loss 'made meat taste like petrol'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-53903804|access-date=2020-08-28}} Common triggers in COVID-19 related parosmia include coffee, chocolate, meat, onion, and toothpaste.{{cite news |title=Scientists identify 'trigger molecule' for Covid-related changes to smell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/25/scientists-identify-trigger-molecule-for-covid-related-changes-to-smell |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=25 May 2022 |language=en}} Exposure to harmful solvents has also been linked to parosmia specifically by damaging ORNs.{{cite journal|title=Parosmia and hyposmia induced by solvent exposure|journal=British Journal of Industrial Medicine|year=1976|first=EA|last=Emmett|pmid=963006|volume=33|issue=3|pmc=1008135|pages=196–8|doi=10.1136/oem.33.3.196}}

Damage to these neurons could render them unable to correctly encode a signal representing a particular odor, which would send an erroneous signal to the odor processing center, the olfactory bulb. This miscommunication, in turn, leads to the signal triggering a different smell than the stimulating odor, and thus the patient cannot sync the input and output odors. Damage to ORNs describes a peripheral defect in the pathway, but there are also instances where damage to the processing center in the brain can lead to distorted odors.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

Different types of head trauma could also lead to dysfunctions that relate to what the afflicted brain area controls. In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the inferior side of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the area processes information in a variety of ways, but there are also diseases that can alter how this area works. If the part of the brain that interprets these input signals is damaged, then a distorted output is possible. That damage would also lead to parosmia. Temporal lobe epilepsy has led to cases of parosmia, but these were only temporary; the onset of parosmia was a seizure, and it typically lasted a week or two after.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.016|title=Olfactory dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case of ictus-related parosmia|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|date=November 2007|first=Sarah |last=Jacek |author2=R.J. Stevenson |author3=L.A. Miller|volume=11|issue=3|pages=466–70|pmid=17761459|s2cid=21513819 }} Parosmia is sometimes associated with Parkinson's disease. Although the specific pathway is undetermined, the lack of dopamine has resulted in documented cases of parosmia and phantosmia.{{cite journal | last1=Henkin | first1=Robert | last2=Potolicchio | first2=Samuel | last3=Levy | first3=Lucien | title=Olfactory Hallucinations without Clinical Motor Activity: A Comparison of Unirhinal with Birhinal Phantosmia | journal=Brain Sciences | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=3 | issue=4 | date=15 November 2013 | issn=2076-3425 | doi=10.3390/brainsci3041483 | pages=1483–1553| pmid=24961619 | pmc=4061890 | doi-access=free }}

One method used to diagnose parosmia is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). "Sniffin' Sticks" are another diagnostic method.{{Cite journal|last1=Wolfensberger|first1=M.|last2=Schnieper|first2=I.|last3=Welge-Lüssen|first3=A.|date=March 2000|title=Sniffin'Sticks: a new olfactory test battery|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11603794/|journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica|volume=120|issue=2|pages=303–306|doi=10.1080/000164800750001134|issn=0001-6489|pmid=11603794|s2cid=38532297 }} These techniques can help deduce whether a specific case of parosmia can be attributed to just one stimulating odor or if there is a group of odors that will elicit the displaced smell. In one case studied by Frasnelli et al. certain smells, specifically coffees, cigarettes, onions, and perfumes, induced a "nauseating" odor for the patient, which was artificial and unrelated to a known smell. In another case study cited in the same paper, a woman had parosmia in one nostril but not the other. Medical examination including MRI did not reveal any abnormalities; however the parosmia in this case was degenerative, getting worse in time. The authors report that cases of parosmia can predict regeneration of olfactory senses.

Symptoms of most patients afflicted with parosmia decrease over time. Although there are instances of parosmia affecting patients for years, this is certainly not the majority of cases. There have been experimental treatments of parosmia with L-Dopa,{{cite journal|title=Parosmia and anosmia under L-Dopa Therapy|journal=Nervenarzt |year=1977|first=B|last=Neundorfer|author2=T Valdivieso|pmid=895952|volume=48|issue=5|pages=283–4}} but there are no other current treatments except inducing anosmia or hyposmia to the point that the odors are negligible.

• Phantosmia, perceiving smells not objectively present

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{{Medical resources

|ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|43|1|r|40}}

|ICD9 = {{ICD9|781.1}}

|MeshID = D000857

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{{Wiktionary}}

• [https://archive.today/20121214155948/http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/Parosmia-Treatment.htm ECU]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10671709&dopt=Abstract "Signs and symptoms, etiologies and clinical course of parosmia + in a series of 84 patients"]
• [http://www.webmd.com/hw/brain_nervous_system/shc29ana.asp WebMD]

{{Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs}}

Category:Olfaction

Category:Perception

Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders