pathetic dot theory

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The pathetic dot theory or the New Chicago School theory was introduced by Lawrence Lessig in a 1998 article and popularized in his 1999 book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. It is a socioeconomic theory of regulation. It discusses how lives of individuals (the pathetic dots in question) are regulated by four forces: the law, social norms, the market, and architecture (technical infrastructure).

Theory

Lessig identifies four forces that constrain our actions: the law, social norms, the market, and architecture.{{cite book|first=Andrew D.|last=Murray|chapter=Internet regulation|editor=David Levi-Faur|title=Handbook on the Politics of Regulation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOKtKzEyQlYC&pg=PA272|accessdate=March 19, 2013|date=January 1, 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-0-85793-611-0|pages=272–274}} The law threatens sanction if it is not obeyed. Social norms are enforced by the community. Markets through supply and demand set a price on various items or behaviors. The final force is the (social) architecture, by which Lessig means "features of the world, whether made, or found"; he notes that biology, geography, technology and other facts about the world constrain our actions.{{cite journal|last=Lessig|first=Lawrence|title=The New Chicago School|journal=The Journal of Legal Studies|date=June 1, 1998|volume=27|issue=S2|pages=661–691|doi=10.1086/468039|jstor=10.1086/468039}} Lessig says that those four forces together are the totality of what constrains our action, in fashion both direct and indirect, ex post and ex ante.

The theory has been formally called by Lessig in 1998 "The New Chicago School", and can be seen as a theory of regulation.

The theory can be applied to many aspects of life (such as how smoking is regulated), but it has been popularized by Lessig's subsequent usage of it in the context of the regulation of the Internet. Lessig noted that the key difference in regulation of the Internet (cyberspace), compared to regulation of the "real world" ("realspace"), is the fact that the architecture of the internet – the computer code that underlies all software – is created by humans, whereas in the real world much of the architecture, based on laws of physics, biology, and major social and cultural forces, is beyond our control. Lessig sees code as an important force that should be of interest to the wider public, and not only to the programmers.{{cite book|first=Christopher T.|last=Marsden|title=Regulating the Global Information Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qj3ZWI4VPEC&pg=PA19|accessdate=March 19, 2013|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-24217-2|page=19}} He notes the importance of how technology-mediated architecture, such as coded software, can affect and regulate our behavior.{{cite book|first1=Mikko|last1=Korpela|first2=Ramiro|last2=Montealegre|first3=Angeliki|last3=Poulymenakou|title=Organizational Information Systems in the Context of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9TpR5A188oC&pg=PA360|accessdate=March 19, 2013|date=May 31, 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-7488-2|page=360}} Lessig wrote:

{{quote|[The code] will present the greatest threat to both liberal and libertarian ideals, as well as their greatest promise. We can build, or architect, or code cyberspace to protect values that we believe are fundamental. Or we can build, or architect, or code cyberspace to allow those values to disappear. There is no middle ground. There is no choice that does not include some kind of building. Code is never found; it is only ever made, and only ever made by us.{{cite web|first=Lawrence|last=Lessig|url=https://www.socialtext.net/codev2/code_is_law |title=Code Is Law / Code 2.0 |publisher=Socialtext.net |date=December 11, 2006 |accessdate=March 19, 2013}}}}

pathetic dot theory

Theory

See also

References

Further reading