pavonazzo marble

The name derives from the Italian word for peacock ({{lang|it|pavone}}).

File:Pantheon11111.jpg

Pavonazzetto was not widely or extensively used before the Roman period; there is no evidence of it in circulation before the last two decades BC.Matthias Bruno, et al. “The Docimium Marble Sculptures of the Grotto of Tiberius at Sperlonga.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 119, no. 3, 2015, pp. 375–394. The marble has been used in Rome since the Augustan age, when large-scale quarrying began at Docimium, and columns of it were used in the House of Augustus, as well as in the Temple of Mars Ultor, which also had pavonazzo floor tiles in the cella. Pavonazzetto statues of kneeling Phrygian barbarians existed in the Basilica Aemilia and Horti Sallustiani. Giant statue groups carved from Docimaean marble were discovered at Tiberius's Villa in Sperlonga.

Docimian Pavonazzetto was extensively used in major building projects both within Rome and the rest of the empire. Pavonazzetto was used on the most eye catching places such as, columns, wall and floor veneer and wall reliefs. Other marbles from all corners of the empire were used in combination; whenever Pavonazzetto was used as floor cover, it was usually in combination with other decorative marbles, however, the Pavonazzetto being a primarily white marble, it gave buildings a freshening white color.

Docimian marble was also preferred for sarcophagi sculpting, many emperors preferring this marble for its high value and majestic looks. As a result, some of the greatest masterpieces were made from this material, including the sarcophagi of Eudocia, Heraclius and many more.{{cite book|author=Donato Attanasio |author2=Mauro Brilli|title=The Isotopic Signature of Classical Marbles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ihbTxFE2RkC&q=studia+archaeologica|page=151|year=2006|isbn=9788882653781}}

Docimaean Pavonazzo was later used for the Memoria Petri, the tomb of Saint Peter, in the influential Baroque Revival style historic buildings the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, in New York City, and Belfast City Hall in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

• The Pantheon contains Docimian Pavonazzetto as floor pavement along with other marble types.{{cite book|author=Anthony Grafton|title=Classical Tradition, Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=pantheon+pavonazzetto|page=842|year=2010|isbn=9780674035720}}{{cite book|author=William Lloyd Macdonald|title=The Pantheon, Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjKDS_XoPXQC&q=The+Pantheon:+Design,+Meaning,+and+Progeny|page=86|year=2002|isbn=9780674010192}} The dominant white color is the Pavonazzetto, also some of the interior main columns and pilasters are made from Docimian marble.{{cite book|author=J. Clayton Fant |title=Cavum Antrum Phrygia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P00WAQAAIAAJ&q=cavum+antrum+phrygiae+pantheon|page=8|year=1989|isbn=9780860546191}}
• Forum of Augustus{{cite book|author=Kathleen S.Lamp |title=A City of Marble, University of South Carolina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf7DBwAAQBAJ&q=pavonazzetto

|year=2013 |isbn=9781611173369}}

• Forum of Trajan (floor and 184 column shafts){{cite book|author=Gaynor Aaltonen|title=The History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q0EAwAAQBAJ&q=forum+romanum+pavonazzetto&pg=PT92|year=2008|isbn=9781782127970}}chapter, ROME: CROSSING CONTINENTS{{cite book|author=James E. Packer|title=The Forum of Trajan in Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn7zf3ecm2wC&q=pavonazzetto|page=120|year=2001|isbn=9780520226739 }}{{cite book|author=Ben Russell|title=The Economics of Roman Stone Trade, Oxford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na0JAgAAQBAJ&q=basilica+ulpia+pavonazzetto|page=229|year=2013|isbn=9780199656394}}
• Temple of Mars Ultor (floor){{cite book|author=John W. Stamper|title=The Architecture of Roman Temples, Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSP4ovkOTpoC&q=forum+of+augustus+pavonazzetto|page=137|year=2005|isbn=9780521810685}}
• Temple of Apollo Sosianus (floor){{cite book|author=John W. Stamper|title=The Architecture of Roman Temples, Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSP4ovkOTpoC&q=forum+of+augustus+pavonazzetto|page=136|year=2005|isbn=9780521810685}}
• Basilica Aemilia (20 statues){{cite book|author=Max Schvoerer|title=ASMOSIA 4, University of Bordeaux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51vdxp7FUdwC&q=basilica+aemilia+phrygian|page=278|year=1999|isbn=9782867812446}}{{cite book|author=Gilbert J. Gorski|title=The Roman Forum, Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6U4QCAAAQBAJ&q=basilica+aemilia+pavonazzetto|page=19|year=2015|isbn=9780521192446}}
• Basilica Julia (floor and some columns){{cite book|author=Gregor Kalas|title=Restoration of The Roman Forum in Late Antiquity, University of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9up1BwAAQBAJ&q=basilica+julia+pavonazzetto|page=43|year=2015|isbn=9780292767423}}{{cite book|author=J. Clayton Fant|title=Cavum antrum Phrygia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P00WAQAAIAAJ&q=julia|page=8|year=1989|isbn=9780860546191}}
• Basilica Ulpia (some of the columns){{cite book|author=L. Richardson|title=A New Topographical Dictionnary of Ancient Rome, The Johns Hopkins University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_qjo30tjHAC&q=basilica+ulpia+pavonazzetto|page=176|year=1992|isbn=9780801843006}}
• Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura (24 columns, destroyed by fire in 1823){{cite book|author=Lawrence Nees|title=Perspective on Early Islamic Art in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKGXCgAAQBAJ&q=san+paolo+fuori+le+mura+phrygian|page=107|year=2015|isbn=9789004302075 }}
• The eight statues on the Arch of Constantine{{cite book|title=The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade, Oxford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na0JAgAAQBAJ&q=arch+of+constantine+pavonazzetto|page=324|year=2014|isbn = 9780199656394|last1 = Russell|first1 = Ben}}
• Baths of Caracalla (some of the columns and wall veneer){{cite book|author=Janet DeLaine|author-link=Janet DeLaine|title=The Baths of Caracalla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HQMAQAAMAAJ&q=DeLaine+1997|page=32,70|year=1997|isbn=9781887829250}}{{cite book|author=Dante Giuliano Bartoli|title=Marble Transport in the Time of the Severans, Texas University|url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/Theses/pdf-files/Bartoli-PhD2008.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://nautarch.tamu.edu/Theses/pdf-files/Bartoli-PhD2008.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=154|year=2008}}

File:Trajan 04 big.jpg in Rome. White Docimian marble is used in combination with yellow marble.]]

• The Hagia Sophia has Docimian marble as veneer on the aisles and galleries.{{cite book|author=Nadine Schibille|title=Hagia Sophia and the Byzantine Aesthetic Experience, University of Sussex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-oGDAAAQBAJ&q=hagia+sophia+pavonazzetto|pages=241–242|year=2014|isbn=9781317124153}}
• Saint Peter's Basilica, as veneer.{{cite book|author=Keith Miller|title=St. Peter's, Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK7tW9Sp6W0C&q=st+peter%27s+church+pavonazzetto|page=110|year=2011|isbn=9780674069060}}
• Leptis Magna, former limestone columns were replaced with Pavonazzetto.{{cite book|author=Ben Russell|title=The Economic of the Roman Stone Trade, Oxford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na0JAgAAQBAJ&q=leptis+magna+pavonazzetto|page=28|year=2014|isbn=9780199656394}}
• Library of Celsus, the columns on the famous wall.{{cite book|author=Barbara E. Borg|title=A Companion to Roman Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS-PCgAAQBAJ&q=bath-gymnasium+pavonazzetto|page=124|year=2015|isbn=9781118886090 }}
• Ancient City of Sagalassos, as wall and floor covering, 40 tons of veneer were recovered.{{cite book|author=Abu Jaber |author2=N. Bloxam|title=QuarryScapes, Geological Survey of Norway|url=http://www.ngu.no/upload/Publikasjoner/Special%20publication/Spec_publ_12.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ngu.no/upload/Publikasjoner/Special%20publication/Spec_publ_12.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|page=102}}{{cite book|author=Marc Waelkens|title=Sagalassos Five, Leuven University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs5xuX231MoC&q=sagalassos+five+marc|page=339|year=2000|isbn=9789058670793}}
• Temple of Zeus and Hera in Greece, 100 columns and wall.{{cite book|author=Pausanias|title=Book 1 Attica 16-29, Athens|url=http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1B.html}} Book, 1,18,9

• List of types of marble

{{Commons category|Pavonazzo marble sculptures}}

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

Category:Building materials

Category:Types of marble