pentatomoidea

File:Heteroptera morphology-d.svg; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane.]]

The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape. The antennae typically have five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments.{{cite book|author=T. N. Ananthakrishnan|title =General and applied entomology|publisher =Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year =2004|page=370|isbn =978-0-07-043435-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KHt-daXqZ-sC}}

Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators. Nymphs have glands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the metathorax (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands.{{Cite journal |last1=KMENT |first1=PETR |last2=VILÍMOVÁ |first2=JITKA |date=2010 |title=Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2706 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=Filipe Michels |last2=Bottega |first2=Cristiane |last3=Campos |first3=Luiz Alexandre |date=2016 |title=Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523116300560 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology |language=en |volume=263 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006|bibcode=2016ZooAn.263...66B |url-access=subscription }}

The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with mandibles and maxillae modified to form a piercing stylet sheathed within a modified labium. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals, such as in the predatory subfamily Asopinae.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xinyu |last2=Tian |first2=Li |last3=Li |first3=Hu |last4=Cai |first4=Wanzhi |title=Ultrastructural Variations of Antennae and Labia Are Associated with Feeding Habit Shifts in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) |journal=Biology |date=November 2021 |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1161 |doi=10.3390/biology10111161 |doi-access=free |pmid=34827154 |language=en |issn=2079-7737|pmc=8615146 }}

Pentatomoidea are mostly phytophagous,{{Cite web |title=Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/PENTATOMOMORPHA |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=biodiversity.org.au |language=en}} although some (the Asopinae or predatory stink bugs) are zoophagous.{{Citation |last=Clercq |first=Patrick De |title=Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) |date=2005 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology |pages=2122–2125 |access-date=2023-10-30 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |isbn=978-0-306-48380-6|url-access=subscription }} They can become significant pests (e.g. the brown marmorated stink bug), causing economic damage to certain crops.

These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:{{cite web|url=http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Classification/classification.htm|title=Classification|author=David A. Rider|date=October 20, 2009|publisher=Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}

• Acanthosomatidae {{small|Signoret, 1863}} – known as shield bugs, contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide{{cite journal | author = Faúndez E. I. | year = 2009 | title = Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2137 | pages = 57–65 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7 }}
• Canopidae {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – found strictly in the Neotropical realmP220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8014-2066-0}}
• Cydnidae {{small|Billberg, 1820}} – known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
• Dinidoridae {{small|Stål, 1867}} – found in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America, composed of 16 genera and about 65 species
• Lestoniidae {{small|China, 1955}} – small, round bugs that bear a resemblance to tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae), composed only of one genus and two species, endemic to AustraliaP136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, {{ISBN|0-12-200400-0}}
• Megarididae {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – contains only one extant genus (Megaris) and 16 species, small, globular bugs occurring in Central America{{cite web | title=Map of Megarididae | website=Discover Life | url=https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Megarididae }}
• Parastrachiidae {{small|Oshanin, 1922}} – bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, it contains only two genera: Dismegistus (Africa) and Parastrachia (Eastern Asia).{{cite journal|author1=Gengping Zhu |author2=Guoqing Liu |author3=Wenjun Bu |author4=Jerzy A. Lis |name-list-style=amp |year=2013|title=Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis|journal=Journal of Insect Science|volume=13|issue=102 |doi=10.1673/031.013.10201|pmid=24738857|pmc=4012745|pages=1–16}}{{cite journal|author= Jerzy A. Lis |year=2010 |title=Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)|journal= Zootaxa|volume=2693|pages=60–62|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5 }}
• Pentatomidae {{small|Leach, 1815}} – known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.
• Phloeidae – large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the Neotropical realm. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.
• Plataspidae – found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of Coptosoma occur in the Palearctic. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.
• Saileriolidae – only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae.
• Scutelleridae – known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
• Tessaratomidae – known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).{{cite book|author=Cedric Gillott|title=Entomology|publisher=Springer|year=1995|page=604|isbn=978-0-306-44967-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC}}>{{cite book | last=Costa | first=James T. | title=The Other Insect Societies | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | date=2006-09-30 | isbn=0-674-02163-0 | oclc=ocm67345686 | page=311}}
• Thaumastellidae – small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
• Thyreocoridae {{small|Amyot & Serville, 1843}} – includes the former family, subfamily Corimelaeninae {{small|Uhler, 1872}}{{cite book | last1=Rider | first1=David A. | last2=Schwertner | first2=Cristiano F. | last3=Vilímová | first3=Jitka | last4=Rédei | first4=Dávid | last5=Kment | first5=Petr | last6=Thomas | first6=Donald B. | title=Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea) | chapter=Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea | publisher=CRC Press | publication-place=Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | date=2018-01-17 | isbn=978-1-315-37122-1 | doi=10.1201/9781315371221-2 | pages=25–202}} – known as ebony bugs, they are small, oval, shiny black bugs.{{cite web|url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/6985 |title=Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs|author=Mike Boone|date=September 11, 2004|publisher=BugGuide, Iowa State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}
• Urostylididae – contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.{{cite book | last1=Foottit | first1=Robert G. | last2=Adler | first2=Peter H. | title=Insect Biodiversity | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Oxford | date=2009-04-20 | isbn=978-1-4051-5142-9 | page=}}

• †Mesopentacoridae Popov 1968 Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Asia
• †Primipentatomidae – family with about four Early Cretaceous fossil species from China.{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.639814|title=Primipentatomidae fam. Nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north-eastern China|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=11|pages=63–82|year=2013 |last1=Yao|first1=Yunzhi |last2=Cai |first2=Wanzhi |last3=Rider|first3=David A.|last4=Ren|first4=Dong|issue=1 |bibcode=2013JSPal..11...63Y |s2cid=86753502}}
• †Probascanionidae Handlirsch 1921 Monotypic, Early Jurassic, Germany
• †Protocoridae Handlirsch 1906 Early-Middle Jurassic, Eurasia
• †Venicoridae Yao et al. 2012 Early Cretaceous, China

The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Pentatomoidea/10945|title=Pentatomoidea|author=Dimitri Forero|date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=April 28, 2011}}{{cite journal|author1=Jocelia Grazia |author2=Randall T. Schuhb |author3=Ward C. Wheeler |name-list-style=amp |year=2008|title=Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)|journal=Cladistics|volume=24|issue=6 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x|pages=932–976|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|pmid=34892882 |s2cid=41951432 |url=http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf|access-date= April 27, 2011}}

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{{Gallery

| title = Example species of the families under Pentatomoidea

| width = 160

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|File:Elasmucha grisea 20050608 916 part.jpg|alt1=The parent bug on a leaf protectively placing its body over a cluster of eggs|Acanthosomatidae: The parent bug (Elasmucha grisea) guarding eggs

|File:Tritomegas.sexmaculatus.6887.jpg|alt2=Tritomegas sexmaculatus on a leaf|Cydnidae: Tritomegas sexmaculatus

|File:Megymenum affine from CSIRO.jpg|alt3=An illustration of Megymenum affine|Dinidoridae: Megymenum affine

|File:Nezara viridula MHNT verte.jpg|alt4=A southern green stink bug on a leaf|Pentatomidae: The southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula)

|File:Megacopta cribraria.jpg|alt5=Megacopter cribraria on a leaf|Plataspidae: Megacopta cribraria

|File:Chrysocoris, Hebbal, Bangalore, India - 20060806.jpg|alt6=The lychee shield bug perched on a leaf|Scutelleridae: The lychee shield bug, Chrysocoris stolli, a jewel bug

|File:Tessaratoma papillosa nymph.jpg|alt7=The flattened nymph of Tessaratoma papillosa clambering on some leaves. Its thorax is distinctively square-shaped|Tessaratomidae: Tessaratoma papillosa nymph

|File:Coptosoma xanthogramma.jpg|Plataspidae: Coptosoma xanthogramma, black stink bug

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• List of shield bug species of Korea
• Pentatomomorpha
• Sunn pest

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikispecies|Pentatomoidea}}

{{Commons category|Pentatomoidea}}

• [https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/occasional-invaders/stink-bugs/ Stink Bug Fact Sheet] from the United States National Pest Management Association

{{Hemiptera|3}}

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Category:Agricultural pest insects

Category:Hemiptera superfamilies