pentlandite

{{Infobox mineral

| name = Pentlandite

| boxwidth =

| image = File:Pentlandite, Pyrrhotite-540342.jpg

| caption =3.1 × 2.6 cm mass of pentlandite with some pyrrhotite

| formula = iron nickel sulfide: {{chem2|(Fe,Ni)9S8}}

| IMAsymbol=Pn{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}

| strunz = 2.BB.15a

| system = Isometric

|dana=2.7.1.1| class = Hexoctahedral (m{{overline|3}}m)
H-M symbol: (4/m {{overline|3}} 2/m)

| symmetry = Fm{{overline|3}}m

|unit cell=a = 9.928 Å, Z = 4|molweight=771.94 g/mol| color = Yellowish bronze

| habit = Hexoctahedral rare; massive to granular

| cleavage = Absent – octahedral parting on {111}

| fracture = Conchoidal

|tenacity=Brittle| mohs = 3.5–4

| luster = Metallic

| pleochroism =

| streak = Light bronze-brown
Greenish black

| gravity = 4.6–5.0

|density=4.6–5 g/cm³| melt =

| fusibility = 1.5–2

| solubility =

|diaphaneity=Opaque| other = Becomes magnetic upon heating

| references = [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Pentlandite Mineralienatlas][http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pentlandite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy][http://www.mindat.org/min-3155.html Mindat.org]Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, p. 280-281 {{ISBN|0-471-80580-7}}[http://www.mindat.org/forum.php?read,11,166988,167128,quote=1 Mindat.org - Forum][http://webmineral.com/data/Pentlandite.shtml Webmineral.com]{{Cite web |url=http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Pentlandit |language=de |title=Pentlandit }}{{Cite book |title=Mineralien aus aller Welt |last=Schumann |first=Walter |language=de |edition=2nd |publisher=BLV |date=1991 |pages=224 |isbn=978-3-405-14003-8 }}

}}

File:Pentlandite in pyrrhotite labelled, Sudbury.jpg, ore specimen from the Sudbury Basin (field of view 3.4 cm)|300x300px]]

Pentlandite is an iron–nickel sulfide with the chemical formula {{chem2|(Fe,Ni)9S8}}. Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios (Ni:Fe), but it is usually described as 1:1. In some cases, this ratio is skewed by the presence of pyrrhotite inclusions. It also contains minor cobalt, usually at low levels as a fraction of weight.

Pentlandite forms isometric crystals, but it is normally found in massive granular aggregates. It is brittle with a hardness of 3.5–4 and specific gravity of 4.6–5.0 and is non-magnetic. It has a yellowish bronze color and a metallic luster.{{Cite web |title=Pentlandite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-3155.html#autoanchor20 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.mindat.org}}

Pentlandite is found in abundance within ultramafic rocks, making it one of the most important sources of mined nickel.{{Ullmann|author=Kerfoot, Derek G. E. |title=Nickel|doi=10.1002/14356007.a17_157|year=2005}} It also occasionally occurs within mantle xenoliths and "black smoker" hydrothermal vents.{{Cite web |title=Pentlandite |url=https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pentlandite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy}}

Etymology

It is named after Irish scientist Joseph Barclay Pentland (1797–1873), who first noted the mineral at Sudbury, Ontario.

File:Canadian Copper Company Copper Cliff mine.png

Identification

= Physical and optical properties =

In the field, pentlandite is often confused with other sulfide minerals, as they are all brassy yellowish in color and have a metallic luster. For this reason, the best way to discern pentlandite is by its paler color, lack of magnetism, and light brownish bronze streak. In contrast, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite will all display much darker streaks: brownish black,{{Cite web |title=Pyrite |url=https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy}} greyish black,{{Cite web |title=Pyrrhotite |url=https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrrhotite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy}} greenish black{{Cite web |title=Chalcopyrite |url=https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/chalcopyrite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy}} respectively. When looked at using reflected light ore microscopy, it possesses key diagnostic properties such as octahedral cleavage, and its alteration to bravoite, a pinkish to brownish violet sulfide mineral that occurs in euhedral to octahedral crystals. Pentlandite usually develops as granular inclusions within other sulfide minerals (mainly pyrrhotite), often taking the shape of thin veins or "flames". Although pentlandite is an opaque mineral, it exhibits a strong light creamy reflectance.{{Cite book |date=1987-01-01 |title=Noncolored Minerals |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/books/book/1212/chapter/107018462/Noncolored-Minerals |language=en |doi=10.5382/EGTables |last1=Spry |first1=Paul G. |last2=Gedlinske |first2=Brian L. |isbn=9781887483025 |editor-first1=Brian J. |editor-last1=Skinner }}

File:PentlanditeTS.png

= Mineral associations =

Pentlandite occurs alongside sulfide minerals such as bravoite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, millerite, pyrrhotite, valleriite, as well as other minerals like chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, and sperrylite. It is chemically similar to mackinawite, godlevskite and horomanite.{{Citation |last=(Finland) |first=Geologian tutkimuskeskus |title=Mineral resource assessment map, northern Fennoscandia : regions and locations highly favourable for mineral deposits |date=1986 |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/18336974 |access-date=2023-04-13 |publisher=Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden |oclc=18336974}}{{Cite book |first=Bernhard |last=Pracejus |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/637267707 |title=The ore minerals under the microscope : an optical guide |date=2008 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-52863-6 |oclc=637267707}}

Pentlandite is synonymous with folgerite, horbachite, lillhammerite, and nicopyrite.

Pentlandite group

The pentlandite group is a subdivision of rare minerals that share similar chemical and structural properties with pentlandite, hence the name. Their chemical formula can be written as XY₈(S, Se)₈ in which X is usually replaced by silver, manganese, cadmium, and lead, while copper takes the place of Y. Iron, nickel, and cobalt have the ability to occupy both X or Y positions. These minerals are:{{Cite web |title=Pentlandite Group |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-29321.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.mindat.org}}

Argentopentlandite Ag(Fe,Ni)₈S₈
Cobalt pentlandite Co₉S₈
Geffroyite (Ag,Cu,Fe)₉(Se,S)₈
Manganese-shadlunite (Mn,Pb)(Cu,Fe)₈S₈
Shadlunite (Pb,Cd)(Fe,Cu)₈S₈
Oberthürite Rh₃Ni₃₂S₃₂
Sugakiite Cu(Fe,Ni)₈S₈

Paragenesis

Pentlandite is the most common terrestrial nickel sulfide. It typically forms during cooling of a sulfide melt. These sulfide melts, in turn, are typically formed during the evolution of a silicate melt. Because nickel is a chalcophile element, it has preference for (i.e. it "partitions into") sulfide phases.{{Cite journal |last1=Mansur |first1=Eduardo T. |last2=Barnes |first2=Sarah-Jane |last3=Duran |first3=Charley J. |date=2021-01-01 |title=An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01014-3 |journal=Mineralium Deposita |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=179–204 |doi=10.1007/s00126-020-01014-3 |bibcode=2021MinDe..56..179M |s2cid=221674533 |issn=1432-1866|url-access=subscription }} In sulfide undersaturated melts, nickel substitutes for other transition metals within ferromagnesian minerals, the most common being olivine, as well as nickeliferous varieties of amphibole, biotite, pyroxene and spinel. Nickel substitutes most readily for Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ because or their similarity in size and charge.{{Cite journal |last1=Rajamani |first1=V. |last2=Naldrett |first2=A. J. |date=1978-02-01 |title=Partitioning of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu between sulfide liquid and basaltic melts and the composition of Ni-Cu sulfide deposits |url=https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.1.82 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=82–93 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.73.1.82 |bibcode=1978EcGeo..73...82R |issn=1554-0774|url-access=subscription }}

In sulfide saturated melts, nickel behaves as a chalcophile element and partitions strongly into the sulfide phase. Because most nickel behaves as a compatible element in igneous differentiation processes, the formation of nickel-bearing sulfides is essentially restricted to sulfide saturated mafic and ultramafic melts. Minor amounts of nickel sulfides are found in mantle peridotites.

The behaviour of sulfide melts is complex and is affected by copper, nickel, iron, and sulfur ratios. Typically, above 1100 °C, only one sulfide melt exists. Upon cooling to 1000 °C, a solid containing mostly Fe and minor amounts of Ni and Cu is formed. This phase is called monosulfide solid solution (MSS), and is unstable at low temperatures decomposing to mixtures of pentlandite and pyrrhotite, and (rarely) pyrite. It is only upon cooling past ~{{convert|550|°C}} (dependent on composition) that the MSS undergoes exsolution. A separate phase, usually a copper-rich sulfide liquid may also form, giving rise to chalcopyrite upon cooling.{{Cite journal |last1=Shewman |first1=R. W. |last2=Clark |first2=L. A. |date=1970-02-01 |title=Pentlandite phase relations in the Fe–Ni–S system and notes on the monosulfide solid solution |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/e70-005 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=67–85 |doi=10.1139/e70-005 |bibcode=1970CaJES...7...67S |issn=0008-4077|url-access=subscription }}

These phases typically form aphanitic equigranular massive sulfides, or are present as disseminated sulfides within rocks composed mostly of silicates. Pristine magmatic massive sulfide are rarely preserved as most deposits of nickeliferous sulfide have been metamorphosed.

Metamorphism at a grade equal to, or higher than, greenschist facies will cause solid massive sulfides to deform in a ductile fashion and to travel some distance into the country rock and along structures.{{Cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=B. R. |last2=Mavrogenes |first2=J. A. |last3=Tomkins |first3=A. G. |title=Partial Melting of Sulfide Ore Deposits During Medium- and High-Grade Metamorphism |date=2002-02-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.1 |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.1 |issn=0008-4476|url-access=subscription }} Upon cessation of metamorphism, the sulfides may inherit a foliated or sheared texture, and typically develop bright, equigranular to globular aggregates of porphyroblastic pentlandite crystals known colloquially as "fish scales".{{Cite journal |last=McQueen |first=K. G. |date=1987-05-01 |title=Deformation and remobilization in some Western Australian nickel ores |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368%2887%2990032-1 |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1016/0169-1368(87)90032-1 |bibcode=1987OGRv....2..269M |issn=0169-1368|url-access=subscription }}

Metamorphism may also alter the concentration of nickel and the Ni:Fe ratio and Ni:S ratio of the sulfides. In this case, pentlandite may be replaced by millerite, and rarely heazlewoodite. Metamorphism may also be associated with metasomatism, and it is particularly common for arsenic to react with pre-existing sulfides, producing nickeline, gersdorffite and other Ni–Co arsenides.{{Cite journal |last1=Piña |first1=R. |last2=Gervilla |first2=F. |last3=Barnes |first3=S.-J. |last4=Ortega |first4=L. |last5=Lunar |first5=R. |date=2015-03-01 |title=Liquid immiscibility between arsenide and sulfide melts: evidence from a LA-ICP-MS study in magmatic deposits at Serranía de Ronda (Spain) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0534-3 |journal=Mineralium Deposita |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=265–279 |doi=10.1007/s00126-014-0534-3 |bibcode=2015MinDe..50..265P |s2cid=140179760 |issn=1432-1866|url-access=subscription }}

Occurrence

Pentlandite is found within the lower margins of mineralized layered intrusions, the best examples being the Bushveld igneous complex, South Africa, the Voisey's Bay troctolite intrusive complex in Canada, the Duluth gabbro, in North America, and various other localities throughout the world. In these locations, pentlandite is considered an important nickel ore.

Pentlandite is also the dominant ore mineral occurring in Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits, the prime example of which can be found in the Yilgarn craton of Western Australia. Similar deposits exist at Nkomati, Namibia, in the Thompson Belt, Canada, and a few examples from Brazil.

Pentlandite, but primarily chalcopyrite and PGEs, are also obtained from the supergiant Norilsk nickel deposit, in trans-Siberian Russia.

The Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada, is associated with a large meteorite impact crater. The pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ore around the Sudbury Structure formed from sulfide melts that segregated from the melt sheet produced by the impact.

Gallery

File:Pentlandite, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada-8779.jpg|Pentlandite specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite - Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia.jpg|Pentlandite specimen from Kambalda, Western Australia

File:Pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-magnetite (Worthington, Sudbury Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada) 2 (18887348131).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite. Specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrrhotite-199634.jpg|Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite in pyrrhotite, South Mine, Sudbury, Ontario.jpg|Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and magnetite. Specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

File:Pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite (Gap Nickel Mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Specimen from Gap Nickel Mine, Pennsylvania, USA

File:Pentlandite (47753091111).jpg|Pentlandite from Rankin Inlet Nickel Mine, Nunavut, Canada

File:Pentlandite (47700373212).jpg|Pentlandite from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite with Magnetite and Heazlewoodite (46836617345).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with heazlewoodite and magnetite. Specimen from Trial Harbour, Zeehan, Australia

File:Pentlandite with Chalcopyrite and Magnetite (47700373052).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite and magnetite. Specimen from Sudbury Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite with Pyrrhotite (47700373172).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite. Specimen from Worthington, Ontario, Canada

File:Pentlandite with Chalcopyrite (48603535937).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite. Specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

File:Pentlandite with Chalcopyrite (47700365072).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite. Specimen from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

File:Pentlandite with Pyrrhotite and Chalcopyrite (47700373082).jpg|Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Specimen from Choate, British Columbia, Canada