philosophers' ships

{{Short description|Soviet ships of expelled intellectuals}}

{{About|ships transporting expelled Russian intellectuals|the thought experiment about replacing all the parts of a ship|Ship of Theseus}}

{{expand Russian|date=February 2024}}

File:Oberburgermeister Haken.jpg

The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers ({{langx|ru|философский пароход}}) were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922.

The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg) to the seaport of Stettin in Germany (modern-day Szczecin in Poland). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students.

Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul.

==Among the expelled==

• Vladimir Abrikosov
• Yuly Aikhenvald
• Nikolai Berdyaev
• Alexander Bogolepov
• Boris Brutskus
• Sergei Bulgakov
• Valentin Bulgakov
• Semyon Frank
• Ivan Ilyin
• {{Interlanguage link multi|Abram Saulovich Kagan|ru|Каган, Абрам Саулович}} (university lecturer/publisher; father of architect Anatol Kagan)
• Lev Karsavin (the brother of ballerina Tamara Karsavina; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a gulag in Komi, where he died in 1952)
• {{Interlanguage link multi|Alexander Kiesewetter|ru|Кизеветтер, Александр Александрович}}
• {{Interlanguage link multi|Ivan Lapshin|ru|Лапшин, Иван Иванович}}
• Nikolai Lossky
• Mikhail Osorgin
• Pitirim Sorokin (train)
• Fyodor Stepun
• {{Interlanguage link multi| Prince Serge Troubetzkoy|ru| Трубецкой, Сергей Евгеньевич }}
• Boris Vysheslavtsev