pine–oak forest

{{Short description|Forest ecosystems of oak and pine trees}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

Pine–oak forest, pine–oak woodland, or oak–pine forest is a group of similar of ecosystems, primarily found in North and Central America. These areas are dominated by pine and oak trees. Under the Forest-Range Environmental Study Ecosystems classification these are denoted as FRES 14.{{cite book |last1=Garrison |first1=George A |last2=Bjugstad |first2=A. J. |last3=Duncan |first3=D. A. |last4=Lewis |first4=M. E. |last5=Smith |first5=D. R. |title=Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems |date=1977 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/misc/ah475.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606152704/https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/misc/ah475.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017 |language=en |oclc=3359594 |volume=475 |series=Agricultural Handbook}} FRES14 includes the Kuchler system forest types of cedar–hemlock–Douglas-fir forest (K-2), Douglas-fir forest (K-11), California mixed evergreen forest (K-25), and Mosaic of cedar-hemlock-douglas-fir forest and Oregon oakwoods (K-24).

A pine–oak forest can be a stage in ecological succession between pine forests and oak forests.{{cite journal |last1=Naudiyal |first1=Niyati |last2=Schmerbeck |first2=Joachim |title=The changing Himalayan landscape: pine-oak forest dynamics and the supply of ecosystem services |journal=Journal of Forestry Research |date=15 November 2016 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1007/s11676-016-0338-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-016-0338-7 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=en |issn=1993-0607 |oclc=7009464516 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730190751/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-016-0338-7 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} It can also be a long-term stable stage.{{cite book |last1=Waitz |first1=Yoni |last2=Sheffer |first2=Efrat |editor1-last=Ne'eman |editor1-first=Gidi |editor2-last=Osem |editor2-first=Yagil |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63625-8_17 |title=Pines and Their Mixed Forest Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-63624-1 |pages=345–362 |oclc=1277140093 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63625-8_17 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=en |series=Managing Forest Ecosystems |volume=38 |chapter=Dynamics of Mixed Pine–Oak Forests |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014102528/http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63625-8_17 |url-status=live }}

File:Sierra.madre.occidental.volcanics.JPG

Examples include:

• Central American pine–oak forests
• Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest
• Central Appalachian pine–oak rocky woodland
• Madrean pine–oak woodlands
• Mesoamerican pine–oak forests
• Pine-oak Forests, Puebla
• Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests
• Sierra Madre Occidental pine–oak forests
• Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests
• Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine–oak forests
• Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak forests
• Sierra de la Laguna pine–oak forests
• Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests