piperacillin/tazobactam
{{Short description|Combination antibiotic medication}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464207392
| type = combo
| image = Piptazo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bottle of piperacillin/tazobactam
| component1 = Piperacillin
| class1 = Ureidopenicillin antibiotic
| component2 = Tazobactam
| class2 = Beta-lactamase inhibitor
| tradename = Tazocin, Zosyn, others{{cite web |title=Tazocin |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tazocin.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=22 January 2020 }}
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|piperacillin-sodium-and-tazobactam-sodium}}
| MedlinePlus = a694003
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = Intravenous infusion
| ATC_prefix = J01
| ATC_suffix = CR05
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_CA = Rx-only
| legal_CA_comment = {{cite web | title=Product monograph brand safety updates | website=Health Canada | date=6 June 2024 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/drug-product-database/label-safety-assessment-update/product-monograph-brand-safety-updates.html | access-date=8 June 2024}}
| legal_UK =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_status =
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number = 123683-33-0
| PubChem = 9918881
| DrugBank_Ref =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 8094523
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 436129
}}
Piperacillin/tazobactam, sold under the brand name Tazocin among others, is a combination medication containing the antibiotic piperacillin and the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. The combination has activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, intra-abdominal infection, pneumonia, cellulitis, and sepsis. It is given by injection into a vein.
Common adverse effects include headache, trouble sleeping, rash, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea. Serious adverse effects include Clostridioides difficile infection and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Those who are allergic to other β-lactam are more likely to be allergic to piperacillin/tazobactam. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding appears to generally be safe.{{cite web|title=Piperacillin / tazobactam (Zosyn) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/piperacillin-tazobactam.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=10 December 2017}} It usually results in bacterial death through blocking their ability to make a cell wall.
Piperacillin/tazobactam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1993.{{cite web|title=Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/piperacillin-sodium-and-tazobactam-sodium.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date= 8 December 2017}} It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }} It is available as a generic medication.{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=373|edition=69}}
Medical uses
Its main uses are in intensive care medicine (pneumonia, peritonitis), some diabetes-related foot infections, and empirical therapy in febrile neutropenia (e.g., after chemotherapy). The drug is administered intravenously every 6 or 8 hr, typically over 3–30 min. It may also be administered by continuous infusion over four hours. Prolonged infusions are thought to maximize the time that serum concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacteria implicated in infection.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
Piperacillin-tazobactam is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as first-line therapy for the treatment of bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients.{{cite book |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0078162/ |title=Neutropenic Sepsis: Prevention and Management of Neutropenic Sepsis in Cancer Patients - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK) |year=2012 |series=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidance |pmid=26065059 |author1=National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK) }}
For β-lactam antipseudomonal antibiotics, including piperacillin/tazobactam, prolonged intravenous infusion is associated with lower mortality than bolus intravenous infusion in persons with sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.{{cite journal |vauthors=Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME |title=Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=108–120 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29102324 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30615-1 }}
Route of administration
Piperacillin with tazobactam is administered through an intravenous (IV) method, where it is infused into the bloodstream over a period of 30 minutes to 4 hours so that the medication is delivered slowly and steadily.{{cite web | url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/piperacillin-and-tazobactam.html | title=Piperacillin and Tazobactam: Package Insert }} The minimal duration of the infusion of 30 minutes is set for both adults and pediatric patients.
Typically, this drug is not given through a rapid injection because the solution has high osmolality, which means it has a high concentration of particles; still, in emergency situations, it is possible to administer the drug through a rapid injection into a vein: despite the high osmolality, studies have shown that this method of administration is safe and tolerable for adult patients.
As for bactericidal efficiency, slow infusing of the medication is generally more effective than rapid injection into a vein. Prolonged infusion times of 3-4 hours are especially effective in providing the best bactericidal efficiency, improving the chances of achieving the desired therapeutic effect.{{cite journal |vauthors=Amir M, Danish A, Channa S |title=Successful implementation of safe practice for adult intravenous push medication in a tertiary care hospital: determination of stability of four intravenous antibiotics in syringes |journal=BMJ Open Qual |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages= e002382|date=May 2024 |pmid=38719523 |pmc=11086455 |doi=10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002382 |url=}}{{cite journal |vauthors=El-Haffaf I, Caissy JA, Marsot A |title=Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Intensive Care Units: A Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses |journal=Clin Pharmacokinet |volume=60 |issue=7 |pages=855–875 |date=July 2021 |pmid=33876381 |doi=10.1007/s40262-021-01013-1 |url=}}
Adverse effects
The most common adverse effect is diarrhea (7–11%).{{cite web|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/lexicomp/piperacillin%20and%20tazobactam%20sodium.html#N18A778 |title=Piperacillin and Tazobactam Sodium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120055215/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/lexicomp/piperacillin%20and%20tazobactam%20sodium.html|archive-date=November 20, 2010|publisher=Merck Manual Professional}} Another adverse effect is inhibition of platelets which is also known as thrombocytopenia.{{cite journal |title=Recurrent acute thrombocytopenia in the hospitalized patient: Sepsis, DIC, HIT, or antibiotic-induced thrombocytopenia |journal = American Journal of Hematology|doi=10.1002/ajh.21536|volume=85|issue=1|date=January 2010 |pages=71–74|pmid=19802882|pmc=4410979|vauthors=Rousan TA, Aldoss IT, Cowley BD Jr, Curtis BR, Bougie DW, Aster RH, George JN}}
Contraindications
Piperacillin/tazobactam is contraindicated when a patient has hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors or any component of the formulation.{{Cite web |date=15 October 2016 |title=Piperacillin and Tazobactam Injection |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694003.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=MedlinePlus.gov}}
Society and culture
=Brand names=
The combination is marketed in various countries under brand names including Tazam, Tazocin, Zosyn, Tazovex, Tazact, Biopiper TZ, Brodactam, Piptaz, Maxitaz, Kilbac, Trezora, Du-Tazop, Tazopen, Sytaz, Tazin, and Inzalin TZ.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
=2017 shortage=
Various sources have referred to a shortage of the drug since May 2017, citing various reasons, including an earthquake in China and other issues at the major production facility in 海正 (Hisun); increased demand; withdrawal of funding by a major pharmaceutical company.{{cite web|title= Drug Shortages › Piperacillin Tazobactam Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-shortages/piperacillin-tazobactam-injection-1075|work=Drugs.com|access-date=12 July 2017|date=10 July 2017}}
References
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{{Beta-lactam antibiotics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Piperacillin Tazobactam}}
Category:Combination antibiotics
Category:Drugs developed by Wyeth
Category:Drugs developed by Pfizer