platelet concentrate

Platelets can be isolated from whole blood using three methods, the platelet rich plasma method, the buffy coat method and with apheresis. Platelets are normally stored at room temperature (20 to 24 °C) in order to preserve their ability to circulate after transfusion.{{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Scott |last2=Gardner |first2=Frank H. |date=1969-05-15 |title=Platelet Preservation: Effect of Storage Temperature on Maintenance of Platelet Viability — Deleterious Effect of Refrigerated Storage |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM196905152802004 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=280 |issue=20 |pages=1094–1098 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196905152802004 |pmid=5778424 |issn=0028-4793|url-access=subscription }} However, platelets can be stored at other temperatures, including refrigeration and cryopreservation for use in specific instances.

When stored at room temperature, the platelet concentrates are gently agitated at a speed of 60 strokes per minutes, so that the platelets to remain in suspension. Platelets can be stored for up to seven days with maintenance of their function in patients.{{Cite journal |last1=van der Meer |first1=Pieter F. |last2=Ypma |first2=Paula F. |last3=van Geloven |first3=Nan |last4=van Hilten |first4=Joost A. |last5=van Wordragen-Vlaswinkel |first5=Rinie J. |last6=Eissen |first6=Okke |last7=Zwaginga |first7=Jaap J. |last8=Trus |first8=Michael |last9=Beckers |first9=Erik A. M. |last10=te Boekhorst |first10=Peter |last11=Tinmouth |first11=Alan |last12=Lin |first12=Yulia |last13=Hsia |first13=Cyrus |last14=Lee |first14=David |last15=Norris |first15=Philip J. |date=2018-07-12 |title=Hemostatic efficacy of pathogen-inactivated vs untreated platelets: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/132/2/223/39261/Hemostatic-efficacy-of-pathogeninactivated-vs |journal=Blood |language=en |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=223–231 |doi=10.1182/blood-2018-02-831289 |pmid=29773572 |issn=0006-4971|hdl=1887/86392 |hdl-access=free }} Due to their storage at room temperature, platelet concentrates are at risk of bacterial outgrowth if a unit is contaminated. Therefore, measures have been taken to prevent this. Bacterial screening within 24 to 36 hours after blood collection can be performed, pathogen inactivation can be performed, or the storage time can be shortened to 3 to 5 days.

During storage, platelet mainly metabolize glucose. Oxidative metabolism leads to the formation of carbon dioxide, and anaerobic metabolism leads to the formation of lactic acid. Both types of metabolism occur simultaneously. Both carbon dioxide and lactic acid acidify the storage medium, and the lowering of the pH of the storage medium affects the quality of the platelets. Below pH 6.2, the damage to the platelets is irreversible, and platelets do not circulate when transfused.{{Cite journal |last1=Holme |first1=S |last2=Vaidja |first2=K |last3=Murphy |first3=S |date=1978-08-01 |title=Platelet storage at 22 degrees C: effect of type of agitation on morphology, viability, and function in vitro |url=https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v52.2.425.bloodjournal522425 |journal=Blood |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=425–435 |doi=10.1182/blood.v52.2.425.bloodjournal522425 |pmid=27264 |issn=0006-4971}} Platelets are therefore stored in gas-permeable containers with a large volume-to-surface ratio, in order to expel carbon dioxide, which elevates the pH. Also, these containers allow for the entry of oxygen, favoring oxidative metabolism.

Originally, platelets were stored in the donor’s own plasma. Nowadays, many blood banks have switched to using platelet additive solution to store platelets. Typically, when platelets are isolated from whole blood, not all plasma is removed, as platelets need to be in a certain volume of plasma in order to have a clear separation from other cells. Platelet additive solution is added to bring the platelets to a concentration that sustains five to seven day storage. Consequently, platelets are typically stored in approximately one-third plasma and two-thirds platelet additive solution.

Platelet additive solutions contain nutrients to support platelet metabolism during their storage. Acetate is often used as nutrient. When acetate is metabolized, an hydroxy-ion is consumed, which elevates the pH.{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=S |date=1995-04-01 |title=The oxidation of exogenously added organic anions by platelets facilitates maintenance of pH during their storage for transfusion at 22 degrees C |url=https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.7.1929.bloodjournal8571929 |journal=Blood |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=1929–1935 |doi=10.1182/blood.v85.7.1929.bloodjournal8571929 |pmid=7703496 |issn=0006-4971}} Platelet additive solutions may additionally contain a buffer to keep the pH above 6.2. Potassium and magnesium may be added to prevent untimely platelet activation.{{Cite journal |last1=De Wildt-Eggen |first1=Janny |last2=Schrijver |first2=Johanna G. |last3=Bins |first3=Maarten |last4=Gulliksson |first4=Hans |date=January 2002 |title=Storage of platelets in additive solutions: effects of magnesium and/or potassium |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00012.x |journal=Transfusion |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00012.x |pmid=11896316 |issn=0041-1132|url-access=subscription }} Due to the dilution of plasma, allergic reactions to plasma antigens are less frequent.{{Cite journal |last1=Cohn |first1=Claudia S. |last2=Stubbs |first2=James |last3=Schwartz |first3=Joseph |last4=Francis |first4=Richard |last5=Goss |first5=Cheryl |last6=Cushing |first6=Melissa |last7=Shaz |first7=Beth |last8=Mair |first8=David |last9=Brantigan |first9=Barbara |last10=Heaton |first10=W. Andrew |date=August 2014 |title=A comparison of adverse reaction rates for PAS C versus plasma platelet units |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/trf.12597 |journal=Transfusion |language=en |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1927–1934 |doi=10.1111/trf.12597 |pmid=24735171 |issn=0041-1132|url-access=subscription }} Also, ABO antibody titers are fourfold lower, making ABO-incompatible transfusions easier.

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Category:Transfusion medicine