pleroma

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{{Update|reason=This article relies primarily on older sources; more current research may be available.|date=April 2025}}

Pleroma ({{langx|grc-x-koine|πλήρωμα}}, literally "fullness") generally refers to the totality of divine powers. It is used in Christian theological contexts, as well as in Gnosticism. The term also appears in the Epistle to the Colossians,{{bibleverse|Col|2:9}} which is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.{{sfn|Cross|2005}} The word is used 17 times in the New Testament.{{sfn|Strong|1890}}

Etymology

The word literally means "fullness", from the verb {{Transliteration|grc|plēróō}} ({{lang|grc|πληρόω}}, "to fill"), from {{Transliteration|grc|plḗrēs}} (πλήρης, "full").{{sfn|Swedish Academy|1953}}

Christianity

=New Testament=

The word itself is a relative term, capable of many shades of meaning, according to the subject with which it is joined and the antithesis to which it is contrasted. It denotes the result of the action of the verb pleroun; but pleroun is either

to fill up an empty thing (e.g. {{bibleverse||Matthew|13:48}}), or
to complete an incomplete thing (e.g. {{bibleverse||Matthew|5:17}});

and the verbal substantive in -ma may express either

the objective accusative after the verb, 'the thing filled or completed,' or
the cognate accusative, 'the state of fulness or completion, the fulfilment, the full amount,' resulting from the action of the verb ({{bibleverse||Romans|11:12}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|13:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|15:29}}, {{bibleverse|1|Corinthians|10:26}}).

It may emphasize totality in contrast to its constituent parts; or fullness in contrast to emptiness (kenoma); or completeness in contrast to incompleteness or deficiency ({{Transliteration|grc|hysterema}} {{bibleverse||Colossians|1:24}}, {{bibleverse|2|Corinthians|11:9}}; {{Transliteration|grc|hettema}} {{bibleverse||Romans|11:12}}).

A further ambiguity arises when it is joined with a genitive, which may be either subjective or objective, the fulness which one thing gives to another, or that which it receives from another.

In its semi-technical application it is applied primarily to the perfection of God, the fullness of His Being, 'the aggregate of the Divine attributes, virtues, energies': this is used quite absolutely in {{bibleverse||Colossians|1:19}} ({{Transliteration|grc|oti en auto eudokesen pan to pleroma katoikesai}}), but further defined

as {{Transliteration|grc|pan to pleroma tes theotetos}}, 'the whole completeness of the Divine nature,' in {{bibleverse||Colossians|2:9}},
as {{Transliteration|grc|pan to pleroma tou theou}}, 'the whole (moral) perfection which is characteristic of God,' in {{bibleverse||Ephesians|3:19}}.

Secondarily, this same pleroma is transferred to Christ; it was embodied permanently in Him at the Incarnation ({{bibleverse||Colossians|1:19}}); it still dwells permanently in His glorified Body, {{Transliteration|grc|en auto katoikei somatikos}} ({{bibleverse||Colossians|2:9}}); it is {{Transliteration|grc|tou pleromatos tou christou}} ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|4:13}}), the complete, moral, and intellectual perfection to which Christians aspire and with which they are filled ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|4:13}}, {{bibleverse||Colossians|2:10}} {{Transliteration|grc|este en auto pepleromenoi}}. Cf. {{bibleverse||John|1:16}} {{Transliteration|grc|oti ek tou pleromatos autou emeis pantes elabomen}}, where pleroma is the state of Him who is {{Transliteration|grc|pleres charitos kai aletheias}}, {{bibleverse||John|1:14}}, cf. {{bibleverse||Luke|2:40}} {{Transliteration|grc|pleroumenon sophia}}). This indwelling emphasizes the completeness with which the Son represents the Father; it is the fulness of life which makes Him the representative, without other intermediary agencies, and ruler of the whole universe; and it is the fulness of moral and intellectual perfection which is communicable through Him to man; it is consistent with a gradual growth of human faculties ({{bibleverse||Luke|2:40}}), therefore with the phrase {{Transliteration|grc|eauton ekenosen}} of {{bibleverse||Philippians|2:7}}, which is perhaps intended as a deliberate contrast to it. One further application of the phrase is made in ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|1:23}}), where it is used of the Church, {{Transliteration|grc|to pleroma tou ta panta en pasin pleroumenou}}. Here the genitive is perhaps subjective—the fulness of Christ, His full embodiment, that fulness which He supplies to the Church—emphasizing the thoroughness with which the Church is the receptacle of His powers and represents Him on earth. The analogy of the other uses of the word with the genitive of the person ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|3:19}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|4:13}}), and the stress throughout these books on Christians being filled by Christ ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|3:19}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|4:13}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|5:18}}, {{bibleverse||Colossians|1:9}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Colossians|2:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Colossians|4:12}}, {{bibleverse||John|1:16}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|3:34}}), favours this view. But the genitive may be objective, 'the complement of Christ,' that which completes Him, which fills up by its activities the work which His withdrawal to heaven would have left undone, as the body completes the head. The analogy of the body, the stress laid on the action of the Church ({{bibleverse||Ephesians|3:10–21}}), the language about Paul himself in {{bibleverse||Colossians|1:24}} ({{Transliteration|grc|antanaplero ta hysteremata ton thlipseon tou christou}}), support this, and it is impossible to decide between the two. The former view has been most common since the thorough examination of the word by Fritzsche{{sfn|Fritzsche|1839|loc=ii. pp. 469 ff}} and Lightfoot,{{sfn|Lightfoot|1890}} and was taken by von Soden.{{sfn|Von Soden|1891}} But the latter view, which was that of Origen and Chrysostom, has been strongly advocated by Pfleiderer,{{sfn|Pfleiderer|1877|loc=ii. p. 172}} and T. K. Abbott.{{sfn|Abbott|1903}}

Outside the NT the word occurs in Ignatius in a sense which is clearly influenced by the NT, and apparently in the meaning of the Divine fulness, as going forth and blessing and residing in the Church (Eph. Inscr. {{Transliteration|grc|te eulogemen en megethei theou patros pleromati}}, and Trall. Inscr. {{Transliteration|grc|en kai aspazomai en to pleromati}}, almost = en Christo).

=Gnosticism=

In Gnosticism the use becomes more technical, though its applications are still very variable. The Gnostic writers appeal to the use in the NT (evidenced in Irenaeus' account of their views and his corresponding refutation, Iren I. iii. 4), and the word retains from it the sense of totality in contrast to the constituent parts; but the chief associations of pleroma in their systems are with Greek philosophy, and the main thought is that of a state of completeness in contrast to deficiency ({{Transliteration|grc|hysterema}}, Iren. I. xvi. 3; Hippol. vi. 31), or of the fullness of real existence in contrast to the empty void and unreality of mere phenomena (kenoma, Iren. I. iv. 1). Thus in Cerinthus it expressed the fulness of the Divine Life out of which the Divine Christ descended upon the man Jesus at his baptism, and into which He returned (Iren. I. xxvi. 1, III. xi. 1, xvi. 1). In the Valentinian system it stands in antithesis to the essential incomprehensible Godhead, as 'the circle of the Divine attributes,' the various means by which God reveals Himself: it is the totality of the thirty Aeons or emanations which proceed from God, but are separated alike from Him and from the material universe. It is at times almost localized, so that a thing is spoken of as 'within,' 'without,' 'above,' 'below' the Pleroma: more often it is the spirit-world, the archetypal ideal existing in the invisible heavens in contrast to the imperfect phenomenal manifestations of that ideal in the universe. Thus 'the whole Pleroma of the aeons' contributes each its own excellence to the historic Jesus, and He appears on earth 'as the perfect beauty and star of the Pleroma' ({{Transliteration|grc|teleiotaton kallos kai astron tou pleromatos}}, Iren. I. xi. 6). Similarly it was used by writers as equivalent to the full completeness of perfect knowledge (Pistis Sophia, p. 15).

{{blockquote|[Some] confess that the Father of all contains all things, and that there is nothing whatever outside of the Pleroma (for it is an absolute necessity that, [if there be anything outside of it,] it should be bounded and circumscribed by something greater than itself), and that they speak of what is without and what within in reference to knowledge and ignorance, and not with respect to local distance; but that, in the Pleroma, or in those things which are contained by the Father, the whole creation which we know to have been formed, having been made by the Demiurge, or by the angels, is contained by the unspeakable greatness, as the centre is in a circle, or as a spot is in a garment . . . .|Iren. II. iv. 2}}

Again, each separate Aeon is called a pleroma in contrast to its earthly imperfect counterpart, so that in this sense the plural can be used, pleromata (Iren. I. xiv. 2); and even each individual has his or her Pleroma or spiritual counterpart (to pleroma autes of the Samaritan woman,—Heracleon, ap. Origen, xiii. p. 205).

It thus expressed the various thoughts which we should express by the Godhead, the ideal, heaven; and it is probably owing to this ambiguity, as well as to its heretical associations, that the word dropped out of Christian theology. It is still used in its ordinary untechnical meaning, e.g. Theophylact speaks of the Trinity as pleroma tou theou; but no use so technical as that in Ignatius reappears.

Middle Platonism

John M. Dillon, in Pleroma and Noetic Cosmos: A Comparative Study, states that Gnosticism imported its concept of the ideal realm, or pleroma, from Plato's concept of the cosmos and Demiurge in Timaeus and of Philo's Noetic cosmos in contrast to the aesthetic cosmos. Dillon does this by contrasting the Noetic cosmos to passages from the Nag Hammadi, where the Aeons are expressed as the thoughts of God. Dillon expresses the concept that pleroma is a Gnostic adaptation of Hellenic ideas, since before Philo there is no Jewish tradition that accepts that the material world or cosmos was based on an ideal world that exists as well.{{sfn|Dillon|1992|pp=99 ff}}

Social sciences

=Carl Jung=

Carl Jung uses the term pleroma in his work, Seven Sermons to the Dead,{{sfn|Jung|1962}} a mystical text he attributed to Basilides of Alexandria, first published anonymously in 1916, and the only part of Liber Novus (The Red Book) to be published before his death. Jung reinterprets pleroma not only in Gnostic terms but as a symbol of the undifferentiated totality from which all opposites arise, laying the foundation for his psychological dualities such as conscious/unconscious and anima/animus.{{sfn|Hoeller|1989}}

=Gregory Bateson=

In his Steps to an Ecology of Mind,{{sfn|Bateson|1972}} Gregory Bateson adopts and extends Jung's distinction between pleroma (the non-living world that is undifferentiated by subjectivity) and creatura (the living world, subject to perceptual difference, distinction, and information). What Bateson calls the "myth of power" is the epistemologically false application to Creatura of an element of Pleroma (non-living, undifferentiated).{{sfn|Deacon|Sherman|2008}}

References

=Works cited=

{{cite book|title=The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments: Ephesians and Colossians|first=Thomas Kingsmill|last=Abbott|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|year=1903|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQsXAAAAIAAJ}}
{{cite book |last=Bateson |first=Gregory |title=Steps to an Ecology of Mind |chapter=Form, Substance, and Difference |pages=448–466 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1972}}
{{cite dictionary|dictionary=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian church|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/378/mode/2up|page=379|year=2005|editor-last=Cross|editor-first=F. L.|title=Colossians, Epistle to the|place=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
{{cite book |last1=Deacon |first1=Terrence W. |last2=Sherman |first2=Jeremy |editor-last=Hoffmeyer |editor-first=Jesper |title=A Legacy for Living Systems: Gregory Bateson as Precursor to Biosemiotics |chapter=The Pattern Which Connects Pleroma to Creatura: The Autocell Bridge from Physics to Life |pages=59–76 |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |volume=2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6706-8_5|isbn=978-1-4020-6705-1 }}
{{cite book|first=John M.|last=Dillon|chapter=Pleroma and Noetic Cosmos: A Comparative Study|title=Neoplatonism and Gnosticism|year=1992|editor1-first=R.T.|editor1-last=Wallis|publisher=State Univ. of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1337-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSbrLPup7wYC&q=John+M.+Dillon%2C+%22Pleroma+and+Noetic+Cosmos%3A&pg=PA99}}
{{cite book|title=Pauli ad Romanos epistola|volume=Tomus II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFgPAAAAQAAJ|year=1839|first=Carl Friedrich A.|last=Fritzsche|publisher=Halis Saxonum}}
{{cite book |last=Hoeller |first=Stephan A. |title=The Gnostic Jung and the Seven Sermons to the Dead |publisher=Quest Books |year=1989}}
{{cite book|last=Jung|first=C. G.|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections|year=1962|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=0-679-72395-1}}
{{cite book|title=Saint Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon|first=Joseph Barber|last=Lightfoot|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|year=1890|chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50857/50857-h/50857-h.htm#Page_323|chapter=On the meaning of πλήρωμα}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Paulinism|volume=II|first=Otto|last=Pfleiderer|publisher=Williams and Norgate|year=1877}}
{{cite web |last=Strong |first=James |title=G4138 - plēroma - Strong's Greek Lexicon |website=Blue Letter Bible |year=1890 |url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4138/kjv/tr/0-1/ |access-date=2025-04-02}}
{{cite web |editor=Swedish Academy |date=1953 |website=Svenska Akademiens ordbok |title=Pleroma |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=pleroma&pz=1}}
{{cite book|title=Hand-Commentar zum NT|location=Freiburg|year=1891|first=H.|last=Von Soden}}

;Attribution

{{source-attribution|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Lock|first=W.|editor1-first=James|editor1-last=Hastings|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of the Bible|title=Pleroma|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hastings/dictv4/Page_1.html|year= 1902|volume=IV|pages=1–2|ref=none}}}}