pneumatosis

File:CT of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia.jpg of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia with pulmonary cysts.]]

A lung cyst, or pulmonary cyst, encloses a small volume of air, and has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm.{{cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-cyst|title=Pulmonary cyst|author=Dr Daniel J Bell and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody|website=Radiopaedia|access-date=2019-05-01}} A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested, but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well.{{cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Tetsuro|last2=Nishino|first2=Mizuki|last3=Gao|first3=Wei|last4=Dupuis|first4=Josée|last5=Putman|first5=Rachel K|last6=Washko|first6=George R|last7=Hunninghake|first7=Gary M|last8=O'Connor|first8=George T|last9=Hatabu|first9=Hiroto|title=Pulmonary cysts identified on chest CT: are they part of aging change or of clinical significance?|journal=Thorax|volume=70|issue=12|year=2015|pages=1156–1162|issn=0040-6376|doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207653|pmid=26514407|pmc=4848007}} Pulmonary cysts are not associated with either smoking or emphysema.{{Cite web|url=https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/early/2015/10/29/thoraxjnl-2015-207653.full.pdf|title=Pulmonary cysts identified on chest CT:are they part of ageing change or of clinical significance|last=Araki|first=Tetsuo|access-date=19 January 2019}}

A lung cavity has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm.

• Pneumothorax, air or gas in the pleural space
• Pneumomediastinum, air or gas in the mediastinum
• Also called mediastinal emphysema or pneumatosis/emphysema of the mediastinum

File:Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis - low mag.jpg of pneumatosis intestinalis in bowel wall.]]

• Pneumoperitoneum (or peritoneal emphysema), air or gas in the abdominal cavity. The most common cause is a perforated abdominal viscus, generally a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel may perforate from a benign ulcer, tumor or abdominal trauma.
• Pneumatosis intestinalis, air or gas cysts in the bowel wall
• Gastric pneumatosis (or gastric emphysema) is air or gas cysts in the stomach wall{{cite web |title=Gastric emphysema {{!}} Radiology Reference Article {{!}} Radiopaedia.org |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gastric-emphysema-1 |website=Radiopaedia |access-date=28 June 2019}}

Pneumarthrosis is the presence of air in a joint. Its presentation on radiography is a radiolucent cleft often called a vacuum phenomenon, or vacuum sign. Pneumarthrosis is associated with osteoarthritis and spondylosis.

Pneumarthrosis is a common normal finding in shoulders{{cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vacuum-phenomenon-in-shoulder|title=Vacuum phenomenon in shoulder|author=Abhijit Datir|display-authors=etal|website=Radiopaedia|access-date=2018-01-03}} as well as in sternoclavicular joints.{{cite journal|last1=Restrepo|first1=Carlos S.|last2=Martinez|first2=Santiago|last3=Lemos|first3=Diego F.|last4=Washington|first4=Lacey|last5=McAdams|first5=H. Page|last6=Vargas|first6=Daniel|last7=Lemos|first7=Julio A.|last8=Carrillo|first8=Jorge A.|last9=Diethelm|first9=Lisa|title=Imaging Appearances of the Sternum and Sternoclavicular Joints|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=3|year=2009|pages=839–859|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.293055136|pmid=19448119|doi-access=}} It is believed to be a cause of the sounds of joint cracking. It is also a common normal post-operative finding at least after spinal surgery.{{cite journal|last1=Mall|first1=J C|last2=Kaiser|first2=J A|title=The usual appearance of the postoperative lumbar spine.|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=7|issue=2|year=1987|pages=245–269|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.7.2.3448634|pmid=3448634}} Pneumarthrosis is extremely rare in conjunction with fluid or pus in a joint, and its presence can therefore practically exclude infection.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlXvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 Page 60] in: {{cite book|title=Musculoskeletal Radiology|author=Harry Griffiths|publisher=CRC Press|year=2008|isbn=9781420020663}}

File:X-ray of hip prosthesis with pneumarthrosis.jpg|X-ray of a hip with hip replacement and pneumarthrosis, in this case aseptic.

File:X-ray of shoulder with vacuum sign - annotated.jpg|A vacuum sign, or vacuum phenomenon, is a normal finding on shoulder X-rays.

File:Subcutaneous emphysema abdomen arrows2.jpg of subcutaneous emphysema.]]

Subcutaneous emphysema is found in the deepest layer of the skin. Emphysematous cystitis is a condition of gas in the bladder wall. On occasion this may give rise to secondary subcutaneous emphysema which has a poor prognosis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadek AR, Blake H, Mehta A | title = Emphysematous cystitis with clinical subcutaneous emphysema | journal = International Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 26 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21668949 | pmc = 3123544 | doi = 10.1186/1865-1380-4-26 | doi-access = free }}

Pneumoparotitis is the presence of air in the parotid gland caused by raised air pressure in the mouth often as a result of playing wind instruments. In rare cases air may escape from the gland and give rise to subcutaneous emphysema in the face, neck, or mediastinum.{{cite journal|last1=McCormick|first1=Michael E.|last2=Bawa|first2=Gurneet|last3=Shah|first3=Rahul K.|title=Idiopathic recurrent pneumoparotitis|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=34|issue=2|year=2013|pages=180–182|issn=0196-0709|doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.11.005|pmid=23318047}}{{cite book|author1=Joiner MC|author2=van der Kogel A|title=Basic Clinical Radiobiology, Fifth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp4YtqM7Ef8C&pg=PA1908|date=15 June 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-340-80893-1|page=1908}}

{{Clear}}

The term pneumatosis has word roots of pneumat- + -osis, meaning "air problem/injury".

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{{Wiktionary|pneumatosis}}

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Category:Human diseases and disorders