podłaźniczka
{{Short description|Christmas ornament}}
File:Podlaznik.jpg region]]
Podłaźniczka, polazňička is a traditional Polish and Slovak Christmas decoration. It was usually made from branches or the top of a conifer tree turned upside down, which was then decorated with colored paper cutouts (wycinanki), candies, apples, nuts, typical Polish świats, or stars and crosses made of straw. The podłaźniczka was then hung from the ceiling rafters over the Wigilia dinner table on Christmas Eve.
History
File:Podłaźniczka.jpg motifs]]
The tradition of hanging a podłaźniczka dates back to an ancient Slavic custom of suspending a decorated branch of fir, spruce, or pine from the ceiling rafters, during the time of the Koliada winter festival.Janota E. Lud i jego zwyczaje. Lwów, 1878, str. 41–42 The custom of podłaźniczka is also connected to a later folk tradition of the połaźnik. The połaźnik was the first guest to visit a house on Christmas Eve, often bringing with them a decorated evergreen branch. This custom also existed in Slovakia and Bulgaria; in Lemko tradition, the didok was brought instead.{{sfn|Usachova|2009|p=128–131}} In Serbia, such a branch was called šumka od položenjca ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|шумка од положења}}), or polaznikova šumka ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|полазникова шумка|link=no}}).{{sfn|Rocznik|1966|p=124}}
Poland
In Poland, the podłaźniczka was known mainly in the regions of Lesser Poland (particularly in the Goral lands{{sfn|Lebeda|2002|p=169}}) and Upper Silesia. The podłaźniczka was made in various ways, it could be a conifer tree branch,{{sfn|Fischer|1934|p=195}} a conifer tree treetop turned upside down,{{Cite web|last1=Dziura|first1=Małgorzata|last2=Kędziora-Palińska|first2=Kinga|title=Dekoracje bożonarodzeniowe - podłaźnik, pająk, światy, choinka|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/kultura/dekoracje-bozonarodzeniowe---podlaznik-pajak-swiaty-choinka|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Ministry of Culture and National Heritage|language=pl-PL}} or a riddle (przetak) ring to which evergreen twigs were attached. The podłaźniczka was attached to a ceiling rafter,{{sfn|Fischer|1934|p=195}} often directly above the Christmas Eve dinner table,{{sfn|Fischer|1934|p=195}} or in a sacred corner. Podłaźniczka is considered to be the prototype of modern Christmas tree in Poland.{{sfn|Michalikowa|Chrząstowska|p=168|Chrząstowski|1974}}
The podłaźniczka was usually adorned with decorations made from colored paper cutouts.{{sfn|Michalikowa|Chrząstowska|p=168|Chrząstowski|1974}} They were also decorated with the światy, which were pieces of wafer joined together. The wafer was used to make various shapes, such as crosses, stars, etc. They were made on the day of Christmas Eve ({{Langx|pl|Wigilia (Bożego Narodzenia)}}), which gave rise to another name for this ornament: wilijki. Sometimes światy became an independent decoration,{{sfn|Fischer|1934|p=195}} in which case they were separately hung under the ceiling beams. Also, the podłaźniczka was decorated with candies, apples, cookies,{{sfn|Michalikowa|Chrząstowska|p=168|Chrząstowski|1974}} nuts, or gilded flax seeds, and later in the 20th century with baubles.{{sfn|Michalikowa|Chrząstowska|p=168|Chrząstowski|1974}} The podłaźniczka was supposed to bring prosperity and good luck to the household,{{sfn|Rocznik|1966|p=126}} and protect farm animals from wolves and diseases.{{sfn|Ogrodowska|1996|p=25}} A straw pająk was a similar decoration.
The podłaźniczka was also called połaźniczka,{{sfn|Usachova|2008|p=42}} połaźnik,{{sfn|Usachova|2008|p=42}} podłaźnik,{{sfn|Rocznik|1966|p=124}} podłaźnica,{{sfn|Ogrodowska|2000|p=164}} jutka,{{sfn|Ogrodowska|2000|p=164}} sad,{{sfn|Ogrodowska|2000|p=164}} sad rajski,{{Cite web|last=Suchecka|first=Paulina|date=2020-12-21|title=Światy nieznane i żelazka niezbędne|url=https://mnwr.pl/swiaty-nieznane-i-zelazka-niezbedne/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=National Museum in Wrocław|language=pl-PL}} boże drzewko, rajskie drzewko,{{sfn|Ogrodowska|2000|p=164}} wiecha,{{sfn|Prace etnograficzne|1985|p=124}} and gaik depending on the locale.{{sfn|Prace etnograficzne|1985|p=124}}
Slovakia
In Slovakia, the ornament called polazňička was also known – it was a straw hen (e.g. in the upper Spiš region, where it was hung over the Christmas table), which symbolically corresponded to a green conifer ornament,{{sfn|Usachova|2009|p=131}} Christmas tree,{{sfn|Horák|1955|p=62}} or a branch of coniferous tree brought by a polaznik.{{sfn|Usachova|2008|p=42}} This was also the name of the ritual Christmas bread.{{sfn|Usachova|2008|p=42}} In the Slovak-Moravian borderland, polazňička was called "happiness", which is related to the Polish belief that podłaźniczka brings good luck.{{sfn|Rocznik|1966|p=126}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
- {{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Adam|title=Etnografja słowiańska|publisher=Książnica-Atlas|year=1934|edition=3|language=pl}}
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- {{Cite journal|author=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|year=1985|title=Prace etnograficzne|journal=Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego|language=pl|edition=1|publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe|volume=20|issn=0083-4327|ref={{harvid|Prace etnograficzne|1985}}|place=Kraków}}
- {{Cite book|last=Usachova|first=Valeriya Vasil'yevna|title=Магия слова и действия в народной культуре славян|publisher=Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|year=2008|isbn=978-5-7576-0221-9|place=Moscow|language=ru}}
- {{Cite book|last=Usachova|first=Valeriya Vasil'yevna|title=Славянские древности: Этнолингвистический словарь|publisher=Международные отношения|year=2009|isbn=978-5-7133-0703-5|editor-last=Tolstoy|editor-first=Nikita Ilyich|volume=4. П (Переправа через воду) – С (Сито)|place=Moscow|language=ru}}
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{{Polish folk customs and traditions}}
{{Christmas trees}}