polyphthalamide

The diamines in PPAs are aliphatic. PA6T homopolymer melts at 371 °C,{{cite book|editor1-last=Kohan|editor1-first=Melvin I|title=Nylon Plastics Handbook|date=1995|publisher=Hanser|location=Munich|isbn=978-1-56990-189-2|page=71}} which renders it intractable. To make usable polymers, it is necessary to lower the melting point, which can be achieved practically using either a longer diamine (with 9-12 carbon atoms) or by copolymerizing 6I.

Three copolymers have found commercial success: PA 6T/66, PA 6T/"DT" and PA6T/6I (with Isophthalic acid).{{cite web|last1=Glass|last2=Walter|last3=Kozielski|first3=Gary|last4=Martens|first4=Marv|title=High Performance Polyamides Fulfill Demanding Requirements for Automotive Thermal Management Components|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Automotive/en_US/assets/downloads/knowledge%20center/HTN-whitepaper-R8.pdf|website=DuPont|accessdate=26 March 2016}}{{cite web|title=Grivory HT|url=http://www.emsgrivory.com/en/products-markets/products/grivory/grivory-ht/|website=www.emsgrivory.com|publisher=EMS Chimie|accessdate=25 May 2015}}

File:Polyphthalamid 6T.svg

Polyphthalamide TPA/hexamethylenediamine (6T) repeat unit

File:Polyphthalamid DT.svg

Polyphthalamide TPA/methylpentanediamine (DT) repeat unit

If more than 55% of the acid part of a PPA is made out of IPA, then the copolymer is amorphous.

Molar masses for PPAs made with direct polycondensation techniques range between 12,000 and 16,000 g/mol.

Compared to aliphatic polyamides, PPAs offer improved{{cite web|title=Amodel PPA|url=http://www.solvay.com/en/markets-and-products/featured-products/amodel.html|website=Solvay|accessdate=26 March 2016}}{{cite web|title=Grivory HT|url=http://www.emsgrivory.com/en/products-markets/products/grivory/grivory-ht/|website=EMS Grivory|accessdate=26 March 2016}}{{cite web|title=Zytel HTN|url=http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/plastics-polymers-resins/thermoplastics/products/zytel-htn.html|website=DuPont|accessdate=26 March 2016}}{{cite web|title=Practical Guide to High Performance Engineering Plastics|url=http://www.smithersrapra.com/SmithersRapra/media/Sample-Chapters/Practical-Guide-to-High-Performance-Engineering-Plastics.pdf|website=SmithersRapra|accessdate=26 March 2016}}

• chemical resistance
• higher strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures
• creep and fatigue resistance
• warpage
• dimensional stability
• sensitivity to moisture absorption

The glass transition temperature of PPA increases as the amount of TPA increases.

If more than 55% of the acid part of a PPA is made out of IPA, then the copolymer is amorphous. The properties of semicrystalline polymers v amorphous polymers are described elsewhere in detail. Briefly, crystallinity helps with chemical resistance and mechanical properties above the glass transition temperature (but below the melting point). Amorphous polymers are good in warpage and transparency.

Like aliphatic nylons, PPAs can be (in fact are almost invariably) modified with reinforcing agents such as glass fibers, tougheners and/or stabilizers.

Formulations with specific properties have been developed. For example, resins with ability to bond directly to elastomers to give plastic-rubber composites, and with approval for direct contact with drinking water and food.Evonik Industries, http://www.vestamid.com/product/vestamid/en/products-services/pages/default.aspx

The addition of aliphatic polyamides to PPAs (PPA/PA blend) lowers the melting point and glass transition temperature, which potentially makes these polyphthalamide blends easier to process when compared to higher melting/softening PPAs.

While there have been large investigations into PA/polyolefin blends, little has been published about the properties of PPA/ polyolefin blends. This may be due to the relatively high processing temperatures needed for PPA based resins compared to the temperature stability of polyolefins. PPA/PA/polyolefin blends exhibit a good balance of ductility, strength, stiffness, impact, and thermal performance, indicating that these types of materials should have commercial utility.{{cite journal |last=Desio| first=G.P. |year=1996 |title=Characterization and properties of polyphthalamide/polyamide blends and polyphthalamide/polyamide/polyolefin blends |journal=J Vinyl Addit Technol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=229–234 |doi=10.1002/vnl.10131 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vnl.10131/pdf|url-access=subscription }}

Polyphthalamide based resins are injection molded into parts that are used in a wide variety of applications. Automotive uses include fuel and coolant lines, pump wear rings, motor bobbin parts, fuel line connectors, water heater manifolds fuel modules, fuel cut-off valves, thermostat housing, air coolers, coolant pumps, and LED headlights. In electronics, the high melting point of PPA allows surface mount devices parts molded from PPA to be assembled using a lead-free soldering process. PPAs are also used for USB-C connectors,{{cite web|last1=Zistler|first1=Andrew|title=DuPont's Zytel HTN selected for use in USB Type-C 3.1 connectors|url=http://www.connectortips.com/duponts-zytel-htn-selected-for-use-in-usb-type-c-3-1-connectors/|website=connectortips.com|publisher=EE World|accessdate=26 March 2016|date=December 11, 2015}} LED mounts and cable/wire protection. Other applications for PPA based resins include gas pipes and supply lines for the oil industry (due to their ability to withstand high pressures), Medical applications such as tubing for catheters, in personal care, for toothbrush bristles as well as hairbrushes. PPAs are also used in sports equipment, valve bodies for showers, bushings and bearing pads in aircraft engines

PPAs, as any thermoplastic, are theoretically fully recyclable by remelting, and as a condensation polymer by depolymerization. Commercial recycling requires the cost of logistics and cleaning and processing to be lower than the cost of virgin polymer, which is not always the case. The PPA waste that produces energy can be recovered at incineration plants. The best recovery options depend on many conditions such as local legislation, plastic part design, access to sorting facilities, and recycling costs.

• Arkema under the brand Rilsan HT polymers based on decanediamine, presumably 10T/X.{{cite web|title=Introduction to Rilsan HT|url=http://www.arkema.co.jp/export/sites/japan/.content/medias/downloads/plastic-japan-2015-rilsan-ht-ppa-en.pdf|website=Arkema|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
• BASF under the brand Ultramid Advanced N (PA9T), Ultramid Advanced T1000 (PA6T/6I), Ultramid Advanced T2000 (PA6T/66), Ultramid T KR (PA6T/6).{{cite web|title=PPAssion for perfection The Ultramid® Advanced portfolio: We provide the PPA you need...|url=https://plastics-rubber.basf.com/global/en/performance_polymers/fpgs/polyphthalamides.html}}
• DuPont under the brand Zytel HTN with 6T/66 and 6T/MPDMT.
• DSM under the brand ForTii{{cite web|title=Stanyl ForTii|url=http://www.dsm.com/products/stanylfortii/en_US/home.html|website=DSM|accessdate=26 March 2016}} with copolymers of PA 4T.
• EMS under the brand Grivory. GV grades are based on PA66/6I/6T. HT1 grades on 6T/6I, HT2 grades on 6T/66 and HT3/HT3-CO on copolymers of 10T
• Evonik under the brand Vestamid HT 'plus' with 6T/X and 10T/X polymers.{{cite web|title=Vestamid HT Plus|url=http://www.vestamid.com/sites/lists/PP-HP/Documents/VESTAMID-HTplus-product-range-EN.pdf|website=Evonik|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
• Kuraray under the brand Genestar with 9T copolymer (used two isomers of C9 diamine).{{cite web|title=HPPA Genestar PA9T - Auto applications|url=http://www.kuraray.eu/fileadmin/presse/publikationen/downloads_k_fair_2013/genestar/GENESTAR_Auto.pdf|website=Kuraray|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
• Mitsui under the brand Arlen with 6T/66 {{cite book|title=Practical Guide to High Performance Engineering Plastics|year=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00kemm|url-access=limited|publisher=SmithersRapra|page=[https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00kemm/page/n58 50]|isbn=9781847355775}}
• Solvay under the brand Amodel. Initially commercialized by Amoco, today this brand is owned by Solvay. According to Nevicolor, all current Amodel grades are based on a single polymer, A1000 {{cite web|title=Amodel design guide|url=http://www.nevicolor.com/images/commercializzati/pdf/amodel/amodel_general_brochure.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525140722/http://www.nevicolor.com/images/commercializzati/pdf/amodel/amodel_general_brochure.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2015|access-date=24 Jan 2022|publisher=Nevicolor|page=13}} but there are grades based on 66/6T copolymer{{cite web|title=Technical data sheet|url=http://catalog.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?I=42041&FMT=PDF&E=60418|publisher=IDES|accessdate=25 May 2015}} and others on 66/6T/6I copolymer.{{cite web|title=Amodel A1133 datasheet|url=http://catalog.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?I=42041&FMT=PDF&E=699|publisher=IDES|accessdate=25 May 2015}}

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Category:Polyamides

Category:Thermoplastics