populus fremontii

{{Speciesbox

|name = Frémont's cottonwood

|image = Cottonwood at Zion Lodge.jpg

|image_caption = Frémont's Cottonwood at Zion Lodge, Zion National Park, Utah

|genus = Populus

|parent = Populus sect. Aigeiros

|species = fremontii

|authority = S. Watson

|range_map = Populus fremontii range map 2.png

|range_map_caption = Natural range of P. fremontii

}}

Populus fremontii, commonly known as Frémont's cottonwood,{{cite book |last1=Van Buren |first1=Renée |last2=Cooper |first2=Janet G. |last3=Shultz |first3=Leila M. |last4=Harper |first4=Kimball T. |title=Woody Plants of Utah: A Field Guide with Identification Keys to Native and Naturalized Trees, Shrubs, Cacti, and Vines |date=2011 |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, Utah, United States |isbn=978-0-87421-824-4 |page=412}} is a cottonwood (and thus a poplar) native to riparian zones of the Southwestern United States and northern through central Mexico.{{cite book|chapter-url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=52463|title=Jepson Manual|chapter=Populus fremontii subsp. fremontii|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993}} It is one of three species in Populus sect. Aigeiros. The tree was named after 19th-century American explorer and pathfinder John C. Frémont.

Distribution

The tree is native to the Southwestern United States and Mexico.{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Populus+fremontii|work=Calflora Database|title=Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood)}} In the United States, the species can be found in California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado. In Mexico, it can be found in Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, México (state), and Puebla.{{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?404966|title=Populus fremontii S. Watson|work=Germplasm Resources Information Network|publisher=USDA|access-date=April 24, 2019}}

A riparian tree, it grows near streams, rivers, springs, seeps, wetlands, and well-watered alluvial bottomlands at elevations below {{convert|2000|m}} elevation.{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pofr2.pdf|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=February 5, 2002|title=USDA Plant Fact Sheet}}

Description

File:Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii 001.jpg

P. fremontii is a large tree growing from {{convert|12|-|35|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height with a wide crown, with a trunk up to {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth when young, becoming deeply fissured with whitish, cracked bark on old trees.

The {{convert|3|-|7|cm|abbr=on}} long leaves, are cordate (heart-shaped) with an elongated tip, with white veins and coarse crenate teeth along the sides, glabrous to hairy, and often stained with milky resin. Autumn colors occur from October–November, mainly a bright yellow, also orange, rarely red.{{cite web|url=http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/htm/fremont-cottonwood|publisher=Utah State University|title=Range Plants of Utah|access-date=2017-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118065754/http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/htm/fremont-cottonwood|archive-date=2017-01-18|url-status=dead}}

The inflorescence consists of a long, drooping catkin, which blooms from March to April. The fruit is a wind-dispersed achene, that appears to look like patches of cotton hanging from limbs, thus the name cottonwood.

The largest known P. fremontii tree in the United States grows in Skull Valley, Arizona. In 2012, it had a measured circumference of {{convert|557|in|abbr=on}}, height of {{convert|102|ft|abbr=on}}, and a spread of {{convert|149.5|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.americanforests.org/big-trees/fremont-cottonwood-populus-fremontii-ssp-fremontii-2/|title=Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii|publisher=American Forests|access-date=April 24, 2019}}

= Subspecies or varieties=

Two subspecies are currently recognized. Some confusion due to hybridization with a Rio Grande subspecies of Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni had originally placed this eastern cottonwood subspecies as a P. fremontii subspecies, but it was removed in 1977.{{cite journal|author=Eckenwalder, J.E.|year=1977|title=North American cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) of sections Abaso and Aigeiros|journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum|volume=58|issue=3|pages=193–208|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.29239|doi-access=free}}

P. f. subsp. fremontii, with synonyms P. f. var. arizonica - Sarg. and P. f. var. macdougalii - (Rose) Jeps. from California and west of the Continental Divide
P. f. subsp. mesetae - Eckenwal., of arid areas of Mexico and west Texas, and widely planted elsewhere, generally east of the Continental Divide

Uses

=Cultivation=

P. fremontii is cultivated as an ornamental tree and riparian zone restoration tree. It is used in planting for wildlife food and shelter habitats, and ecological restoration, larger native plant and wildlife gardens, and natural landscaping projects, windbreaks, erosion control, and shade for recreation facilities, parks, and livestock.

Frémont's cottonwood was used in the past by settlers and ranchers for fuel and fence posts.

=Native Americans=

;Traditional medicine

Native Americans in the Western United States and Mexico used parts of Frémont's cottonwood variously for a medicine, in basket weaving, for tool making, and for musical instruments. The inner bark of Frémont's cottonwood contains vitamin C and was chewed as an antiscorbutic - treatment for vitamin C deficiency. The bark and leaves could be used to make poultices to reduce inflammation or to treat wounds.

;Art

The Pima people of southern Arizona and northern Mexico lived along Sonoran Desert watercourses and used twigs from the tree in the fine and intricate baskets they wove. The Cahuilla people of southern California used the tree's wood for tool making, the Pueblo peoples for drums, and the Lower Colorado River Quechan people in ritual cremations.{{cite web|url=http://mojavedesert.net/trees/cottonwood|publisher=MojaveDesert.net|date=n.d.|title=Digital Desert: Mojave Desert}} The Hopi of Northeastern Arizona carve the root of the cottonwood to create kachina dolls.{{cite web|author=Padgett, Kenneth|title=Kachina Dolls|url=http://kachina.us/|website=Guide to Hopi Kachina (katsina) Dolls|access-date=September 8, 2015}}

References

External links

[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10256 Calflora Database: Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood)]
[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Populus+fremontii+ssp.+fremontii Calflora Database: Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii]
[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Populus+fremontii Populus fremontii — U.C. Photo gallery]
[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-genre=Plant&where-taxon=Populus+fremontii+ssp.+fremontii Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii — U.C. Photo gallery]