pre-stopped consonant

There are three terms for this phenomenon. The most common by far is prestopped/prestopping.{{SOWL}}{{ELL2}} In descriptions of the languages of Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific, preploded/preplosion is common,Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005) The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar though prestopped is also used.Botma (2004) Phonological Aspects of Nasality In accounts of Celtic languages, preoccluded/preocclusion is used almost exclusively.Ball & Fife (2002) The Celtic Languages"Pre-occluded" is also used in Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics Technically, nasals are already occlusives, and are often considered stops; however, some prefer to restrict the term 'stop' for consonants in which there is complete cessation of airflow, so 'prenasalized stop' and 'prestopped nasal' are not necessarily tautologies.{{SOWL|102}}

In Manx, pre-occlusion occurs in stressed monosyllabic words (i.e. words one syllable long), and is also found in Cornish on certain stressed syllables. The inserted stop is homorganic with the sonorant, which means it has the same place of articulation. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. In transcription, pre-occluding consonants in final position are typically written with a superscripted letter in ManxWilliams, Nicholas. 1994. "An Mhanainnis", in Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta. Maigh Nuad: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Colásite Phádraig. §X.4.10. {{ISBN|0-901519-90-1}} and in Cornish.Williams, Nicholas. 2006. "Pre-occlusion in Cornish", in Writing on Revived Cornish. Cathair na Mart: Evertype. {{ISBN|978-1-904808-08-4}}

Examples in Manx include:{{cite book|last=Broderick |first=George |title=A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFtiAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2009-03-05 |publisher=Niemeyer |location=Tübingen |year=1984–86 |isbn=3-484-42903-8 |id=(vol. 1). (vol. 2)., (vol. 3)|pages=3:28–34}}{{cite book|last=Broderick |first=George |pages=228–85 [236] |chapter=Manx |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnCqZ5p60VoC&pg=PA228 |editor=M. J. Ball |editor2=J. Fife|title=The Celtic Languages |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=0-415-01035-7 }}

• {{IPA|/m/}} → {{IPA|[ᵇm]}}: {{lang|gv|trome}} {{IPA|/t̪roːm/}} → {{IPA|[t̪roᵇm]}} "heavy"
• {{IPA|/l/}} → {{IPA|[ᵈl]}}: {{lang|gv|shooyll}} {{IPA|/ʃuːl/}} → {{IPA|[ʃuːᵈl]}} "walking"
• {{IPA|/n/}} → {{IPA|[ᵈn]}}: {{lang|gv|kione}} {{IPA|/kʲoːn/}} → {{IPA|[kʲoᵈn]}} "head"
• {{IPA|/nʲ/}} → {{IPA|[ᵈnʲ]}}: {{lang|gv|ein}} {{IPA|/eːnʲ/}} → {{IPA|[eːᵈnʲ]}} "birds"
• {{IPA|/ŋ/}} → {{IPA|[ᶢŋ]}}: {{lang|gv|lhong}} {{IPA|/luŋ/}} → {{IPA|[luᶢŋ]}} "ship"

In Cornish, pre-occlusion mostly affects the reflexes of older geminate/fortis {{IPA|/m/}}, intrinsically geminated in Old Cornish, and {{IPA|/nn/}} (or /N/ depending on preferred notation). It also arises in a few cases where the combination {{IPA|/n+j/}} was apparently re-interpreted as {{IPA|/nnʲ/}}.

Examples in Cornish:

• {{IPA|/m#/}} → {{IPA|[ᵇm]}}: {{lang|kw|mabm}} {{IPA|[mæᵇm]}} "mother"
• {{IPA|/VmV/}} → {{IPA|[bm]}}: {{lang|kw|hebma}} {{IPA|[ˈhɛbmɐ]}} "this"
• {{IPA|/nn#/}} → {{IPA|[ᵈn]}}: {{lang|kw|pedn}} {{IPA|[pɛᵈn]}} "head"
• {{IPA|/VnnV/}} → {{IPA|[dn]}}: {{lang|kw|pednow}} {{IPA|[ˈpɛdnɔ(ʊ)]}} "heads"

In Faroese, pre-occlusion also occurs, as in kallar {{IPA|[ˈkatlaɹ]}} 'you call, he calls', seinna {{IPA|[ˈsaiːtna]}} 'latter'. A similar feature occurs in Icelandic, as in galli {{IPA|[ˈkatlɪ]}} ('error'); sæll {{IPA|[ˈsaitl̥]}}, seinna {{IPA|[ˈseitna]}}; Spánn {{IPA|[ˈspautn̥]}}.

Pre-stopped nasals and laterals are found in some Australian Aboriginal languages, such as Kuyani (Adnyamathanha), Arabana, Wangkangurru, Diyari, Aranda (nasals only), and Martuthunira (laterals only).Mielke 2008:135 Adnyamathanha, for example, has the pre-stopped nasals {{IPA|[ᵇm, ^ɟɲ, ^d̪n̪, ᵈn, ^ɖɳ]}} and the pre-stopped laterals {{IPA|[^ɟʎ, ^d̪l̪, ᵈl, ^ɖɭ]}}, though these are all in allophonic variation with the simple nasals and laterals {{IPA|[m, ɲ, n̪, n, ɳ, ʎ, l̪, l, ɭ]}}.

Pre-stopped nasals are also found in several branches of Austroasiatic, especially in the North Aslian languages and Shompen, where historical word-final nasals, *m *n *ŋ, have become pre-stopped, or even full voiced stops {{IPA|[b d ɡ]}}.

Hiw of Vanuatu is the only Austronesian language that has been reported to have a pre-stopped velar lateral approximant {{IPA|/ɡʟ/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|François|2010}} Its phonological behavior clearly defines it as a prestopped lateral, rather than as a laterally released stop.

Nemi of New Caledonia has consonants that have been described as postnasalized stops,{{Harvcoltxt|Ozanne-Rivierre|1995|p=54}}. but could possibly be described as prestopped nasals.{{Harvcoltxt|François|2010|p=403}}.

• Nasal release
• Lateral release (phonetics)
• Prenasalized consonant
• Preaspiration

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{cite journal |last=Eberhard |first=Dave |year=2004 |title=Mamaindé Pre-Stopped Nasals: An optimality account of vowel dominance and a proposal for the Identical Rhyme Constraint |journal=SIL Electronic Working Papers |url=http://www.sil.org/silewp/2004/silewp2004-002.pdf}}
• {{citation

|doi=10.1017/s0952675710000205

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)

|year=2010

|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment

|journal=Phonology

|volume=27

|issue=3

|pages=393–434

|s2cid=62628417

|url=https://www.academia.edu/848679

}}

• {{cite book |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |author2=Maddieson, Ian|author2-link=Ian Maddieson |year=1996 |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |page=128}}
• Jeff Mielke, 2008. The emergence of distinctive features.
• {{citation

|doi=10.2307/3623111

|last=Ozanne-Rivierre

|first=Françoise

|author-link=Françoise Ozanne-Rivierre

|year=1995

|title=Structural changes in the languages of Northern New Caledonia

|journal=Oceanic Linguistics

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=45–72

|jstor=3623111

}}

Category:Plosives

Category:Nasal consonants