predicand

In the most typical cases, the predicand corresponds to the subject of a clause, and the predicate corresponds to a verb phrase (VP) that is the head of the clause. But there are also form-meaning mismatches, where the predicand is not a subject or where the predicate is not the head of the clause. Also, not every utterance has a predicand.

The typical case involves a predicand corresponding to the subject and a predicate corresponding to a verb phrase that is the head of the clause.{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Janet C. E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4Kw_7pa38kC&pg=PA96|title=A Syntax of Ṣanʻānī Arabic|date=1993|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03392-3|pages=96|language=en}}

Predicands are usually expressed in the utterance, and they are typically the subject. In the English example (1), the predicand is the person being spoken to, which corresponds to the subject you.

{{interlinear|number=(1)

|Do you want a coffee?

|{} SUBJ {} {} {}

|}}

In many languages, pronominal subjects can be dropped, but this doesn't drop a predicand. For instance, in the Spanish example (2), there is no subject, but the predicand is still the person being spoken to.

{{interlinear|number=(2)

|¿Quieres un café?

|want-2SG a coffee

|"Do you want a coffee?"}}

If the subject is not included, the predicand can be ambiguous, as shown in the Japanese example (3).

{{fs interlinear|number=(3)

|あつい。

|atsui

|hot

|"It's hot."}}

When (3) is spoken, it can be interpreted as "it's hot" where the predicand is the ambient temperature, or it can mean that an object is hot to the touch, in which case, the predicand would be the object in question.{{Cite web|title=あつい - Wiktionary|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84|access-date=2021-04-24|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en}}

Predicands are usually unexpressed in imperative clauses, but they are usually the person or people being addressed.{{Rp|32}}

There are cases in which the predicand has a syntactic function other than subject. This happens in raising constructions, such as (4).

{{interlinear|number=(4)

|What makes you think that?

|{} {} OBJ {} {}

|}}

Here, you is the object of the make verb phrase, the head of the main clause. But it's also the predicand of the subordinate think clause, which has no subject.{{Rp|216}}

Another example is in object predicands such as (5).{{Cite journal|last=Buliekova|first=Anna|date=2020-01-29|title=Word-order variation of some object complements|url=https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/116769|language=en-US}}{{Rp|9}}

{{interlinear|number=(5)

|He made Kim happy

|{} {} OBJ {}

|}}

A modifier can be a predicate.{{Cite book|last=Donaldson|first=James|title=Control in free adjuncts: The "dangling modifier" in English|year=2020|location=Edinburgh|type=Doctoral dissertation|department=School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences}} Often this is a VP as in (6a), but it can also be an adjective phrase, as in (6b). In both cases the relevant modifier is underlined.

:

In both cases, the predicand is the speaker, which corresponds to the subject. Note that the predicand has two predicates in each case: the modifier and the head VP.

Like (2 & 3), adjunct can have unexpressed predicands. In (7), the underlined adjunct VP has no expressed predicand. The predicand in this case is the protagonist, Orlando. This kind of construction has traditionally been seen as a dangling modifier, though Donaldson argues otherwise.

:

Similar to (4), adjuncts can take non-subject predicands. In (8), even though several things is the subject of the clause and John is the object of the preposition to, the underlined adjunct VP has John as its predicand.

:

In cleft sentences such as It's you who was right, the subject is the dummy pronoun it, but the predicand is the person being addressed, which corresponds to a complement in the VP. The predicate here is the VP in the relative clause modifier was right.

In verbless clauses, a predicate may be a constituent such as prepositional phrase.{{Rp|222}} An example is shown in (9), with the predicate underlined.

:

Here, the predicand is the hands of the speaker, denoted by the subject of the verbless clause my hands in my pockets.

Utterances need not have a predicand. For example, an exclamation of Putain! in French after a painful bump has no predicand.

Impersonal verbs, such as rain in English or havazik "snow" in Hungarian also seem to have no predicand at all.

A predicand is typically a subject, and subjects typically have the thematic role of agent.{{Cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=David|title=Studies in Relational Grammar 2|last2=Postal|first2=Paul|year=1984|location=Chicago|pages=81–125|chapter=The 1-advancement exclusiveness law}} Nevertheless, the predicand is by no means limited to this role.

Category:Grammar

Category:Semantics

Category:Transitivity and valency