proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews

A number of religious groups, particularly Christians and Muslims, are involved in the proselytization of Jews—attempts to recruit or "missionize" Jews.

In response, some Jewish groups have formed counter-missionary/counter-proselytization organizations to discourage missionary and messianic groups such as Jews for Jesus from using practices that they say are deceptive.David Cho, "Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage: Jews for Jesus Trains 600 for Street Work", The Washington Post, August 17, 2004; Page B01 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A6464-2004Aug16 full text]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite news|last1=Cho|first1=David|title=Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6464-2004Aug16.html|access-date=September 15, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 17, 2004}}

Christian missions

{{see also|Conversions of Jews to Christianity|Conversion of the Jews (future event)}}

According to Rabbi Tovia Singer, counter-missionary expert and director of Outreach Judaism, there are well over 1,000 messianic congregations and other missions to the Jews worldwide.{{cite web|url=https://outreachjudaism.org/shop/lets-get-biblical-expanded-2-volume-study-guide/ |title=Let's Get Biblical Study Guide (Volume 1) page 13 ISBN 978-0996091305}}

=Catholic Church=

The Catholic Church has historically been instrumental in its attempt to convert Jews. Such examples include conversos during the Inquisition, especially within Spain. However, since the Second Vatican Council and the production of the document {{lang|la|Nostra aetate}}, the Catholic Church's attitude towards Jewish conversion has been that of sensitivity.

Pope Benedict XVI suggested that Jews should not be targeted for conversion. In his book, Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week, he stated "Israel is in the hands of God, who will save it 'as a whole' at the proper time, when the number of Gentiles is full".{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Church should not pursue conversion of Jews, pope says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/church-should-not-pursue-conversion-jews-pope-says |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=March 10, 2011}}

A document released by the Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews under Pope Francis stated "In concrete terms this means that the Catholic Church neither conducts nor supports any specific institutional mission work directed towards Jews",{{cite web |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Vatican says Catholics should not try to convert Jews, should fight anti-semitism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-pope-jews/vatican-says-catholics-should-not-try-to-convert-jews-should-fight-anti-semitism-idUKKBN0TT19O20151210 |website=Reuters |access-date=27 October 2023}} though it also says "Christians are nonetheless called to bear witness to their faith in Jesus Christ also to Jews."{{cite news |title=Vatican takes on tense question of salvation for the Jewish people |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/33117/vatican-takes-on-tense-question-of-salvation-for-the-jewish-people |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=Catholic News Agency |date=December 11, 2015}} The document also denies that there is more than one path to salvation stating "Confessing the universal and therefore also exclusive mediation of salvation through Jesus Christ belongs to the core of Christian faith."{{cite news |last1=Akin |first1=Jimmy |title=New Vatican Document on Jews, Salvation, and Evangelization |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/new-vatican-document-on-jews-salvation-and-evangelization |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=December 13, 2015}}

=Protestantism=

A number of Christian denominations have programs to reach Jews.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewsonfirst.org/evangelizing.aspx |title=Evangelizing the Jews |publisher=Jewsonfirst.org |date=2008-06-16 |accessdate=2011-01-21}} The JTA, a Jewish news service, conducted an extensive analysis of Christian efforts to convert Jews to Christianity{{cite web|last=Yeoman |first=Barry |url=http://jta.org/news/article/2007/11/15/104639/evangelicalpartI |title=JTA, Inc |publisher=Jta.org |date=2007-11-15 |accessdate=2011-01-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527180214/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2007/11/15/104639/evangelicalpartI |archivedate=2012-05-27 }} and found that some of the largest evangelical denominations – the Southern Baptists, the Assemblies of God, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod – have all increased their efforts to evangelize Jews in the recent past.

The article states that the Christian missionary organization Jews for Jesus completed a five-year tour called "Behold Your God" that brought its message to 53 cities worldwide, and the Christian Chosen People Ministries saw its income grow by 31% to $7.9{{nbsp}}million between 2003 and 2006.

Jews for Judaism,{{cite web|url=http://jewsforjudaism.org |title=Jews for Judaism |publisher=Jewsforjudaism.org |date=2011-01-17 |accessdate=2011-01-21}} a Jewish counter-missionary group, writes that there are over 900 Christian groups in North America actively involved in missionizing the Jewish people. Jews for Judaism further states that these groups are currently spending over $250{{nbsp}}million each year on efforts to convert Jews to Christianity. Jews for Jesus, the best known single ministry to the Jews, spent over $15{{nbsp}}million in 2008.[http://jewsforjudaism.org/faq-quick-links-157] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910201443/http://jewsforjudaism.org/faq-quick-links-157|date=September 10, 2009}} The Assemblies of God has an extensive organization targeting Jews for conversion to Christianity.[http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=397:who-are-the-assemblies-of-god-and-what-do-they-have-to-do-with-the-jews&catid=27:missionary-groups--tactics-and-responses&Itemid=4433 Who are The Assemblies of God, and what do they have to do with the Jews?]

Israel has more than one hundred Messianic congregations according to Yaakov Shalom Ariel, an associate professor of religious studies at the University of North Carolina and author of Evangelizing The Chosen People.

{{quote|Proselytizing is legal in the country and missionaries of all religious groups are allowed to proselytize all citizens; however, a 1977 law prohibits any person from offering material benefits as an inducement to conversion. It was also illegal to convert persons under 18 years of age unless one parent were an adherent of the religious group seeking to convert the minor. Despite the legality of proselytism, the government has taken a number of steps that encouraged the perception that proselytizing is against government policy. For example, the MOI{{who?|date=December 2023}} has detained individuals suspected of being "missionaries," and required of such persons bail and a pledge to abstain from missionary activity, in addition to refusing them entry into the country. It maintained denunciations of such activity from antimissionary groups like Yad L'Achim in its border control databases. The MOI has also cited proselytism as a reason to deny student, work, and religious visa extensions, as well as to deny permanent residency petitions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) promised the Knesset in 1986 to refrain from all proselytism voluntarily in conjunction with receiving a building permit for its Jerusalem Center following protests from the Orthodox community.|A 2010 US State Department report on religious freedom in Israel[https://web.archive.org/web/20101121191847/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148825.htm Israel and the occupied territories], International Religious Freedom Report; BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR. US Department of State. 7 Nov 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-23

}}

A prominent effort to convert Jews to Christianity is known as Jews for Jesus. It was founded by Martin "Moishe" Rosen, who is of Jewish descent and grew up in a non-observant home, converted to Christianity, and was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1957. In 1973, Rosen left the employment of the American Board of Missions to the Jews, now called Chosen People Ministries, to incorporate a separate mission which became known as Jews for Jesus. In 1986, he received an honorary Doctor of Divinity Degree from Western Conservative Baptist Seminary in Portland, Oregon. Jews for Jesus is now led by David Brickner, who has been working for the organization since 1977.{{cite web |url=http://brickner.jewsforjesus.org/about.htm |title=David Brickner's Homepage |accessdate=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726203423/http://brickner.jewsforjesus.org/about.htm |archivedate=2011-07-26 }}

The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies.{{Citation | first1 = Stanley N | last1 = Gundry | first2 = Louis | last2 = Goldberg | title = How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sYfcuBdLqyEC&pg=PA24 | format = Books | page = 24| publisher = Zondervan | isbn = 9780310244905 }}. Data from the Pew Research Center has it that, as of 2013, about 1.6{{nbsp}}million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians; most as Protestants.{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/|title=How many Jews are there in the United States?|work=Pew Research Center}}{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/chapter-1-population-estimates/|title=A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates|work=Pew Research Center}}{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/.premium-1.549713|title=American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million|work=haaretz}} According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6{{nbsp}}million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to a 2012 study, 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.[http://sreda.org/en/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia]. Sreda.org[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Survey Maps]. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.

Efforts to convert Jews to Christianity are sometimes regarded as antisemitic.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090728062438/http://ejpress.org/article/29965 US group denounces call by evangelical alliance for conversion of European Jews (Archive)]. European Jewish Press. Published September 5, 2008. Most Progressive Christian and Mainline Christian denominations have publicly declared that they no longer proselytize Jews.[http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?id=1499 Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue] (World Council of Churches)[http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_jcon3.htm Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews] (religioustolerance.org) Most evangelical and conservative Christian churches have said they will continue their efforts to evangelize among Jews and claim that proselytism is not antisemitic.[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/march/31.76.html Why Evangelize the Jews?] By Stan Guthrie. Christianity Today. Published March 25, 2008.

Muslim missions

Muslims have also targeted Jews for conversion.{{cite web|url=http://www.jews-for-allah.org/ |title=Jews for Allah |publisher=Jews-for-allah.org |date= |access-date=2011-01-21}} Rabbi Moshe Cohen, of {{transliteration|he|Yad L'Achim}}, an Israel-based counter-missionary organization,{{cite web|url=http://www.yadlachimusa.org.il |title=yad leachim |publisher=Yadlachimusa.org.il |date= |access-date=2011-01-21}} has identified Al Dawaa, an Israel-based Muslim group headed by Sheikh Abu Yassin of Kafr Manda.{{cite web|url=http://www.yadlachimusa.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=598&CategoryID=193&Page=1 |title=New Danger: Muslim Missionaries |publisher=Yadlachimusa.org.il |date=2007-11-21 |access-date=2011-01-21}}{{dead link|date=January 2011}}

Jewish response

Jewish counter-missionary organizations respond to these efforts by offering personal counseling, web sites with articles addressing common missionary tactics, and discussion forums where Jews who have questions about the differences between Judaism and other religions can be answered by observant Jews.

Some Jewish resources are specifically aimed at countering the missionary efforts aimed at Jews.

Jews for Judaism is an international organization that provides a wide variety of counseling services, along with education, and outreach programs that enable Jews of all ages to rediscover and strengthen their Jewish heritage. Jews for Judaism has offices in Baltimore, Toronto, Los Angeles, Australia and South Africa.[http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=20&Itemid=464 Jews for Judaism] On their website, Jews for Judaism offers many articles discussing missionary tactics towards Jews,{{Cite web | url=http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=27&Itemid=504 |title = Jews for Judaism}} approaches by Mormons,{{Cite web | url=http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=142&Itemid=505 | title=Jews for Judaism}} Jehovah's Witnesses{{Cite web | url=http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=141&Itemid=506 | title=Jews for Judaism}} and various "proof texts" and other arguments often used by missionaries as they evangelize Jews.[http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=315:the-scriptural-messiah-a-second-look&catid=72:scriptural-studies&Itemid=507 Proof Texts]
Outreach Judaism,{{cite web|url=http://outreachjudaism.org/ |title=Judaism's response to Christian missionaries |publisher=Outreach Judaism |date= |accessdate=2011-01-21}} a site run by Rabbi Tovia Singer. Outreach Judaism is an international organization that responds directly to the issues raised by missionaries and cults, by exploring Judaism in contradistinction to fundamentalist Christianity. Outreach Judaism provides full-time, multi-level informational resources.
Beyneynu ({{lang|he|בינינו}}){{cite web|url=http://beyneynu.com/ |title=The Committee for Good Relations |publisher=Beyneynu |date= |access-date=2011-01-21}} was founded by former Evangelical missionary Shannon Nuszen. Beyneynu is a non-profit organization that monitors missionary activity in Israel and abroad. Based in Israel, Beyneynu works with government and community leaders to raise awareness of Jewish evangelism, its danger to the Jewish people, and encourage safe and consistent boundaries in the interfaith relationships of Jewish communities worldwide.
Kiruv Organization (Mizrachi) – an outreach organization founded in 1995 by Rabbi Yosef Mizrachi in New York for the purpose of teaching Torah to both secular and religious Jews.

Rabbi Moshe Shulman has responded to specific missionaries who target Jews, including Michael Brown,{{cite web|url=http://www.judaismsanswer.com/Brown-Index.htm |title=Michael Brown |publisher=Judaismsanswer.com |date= |access-date=2011-01-21}} Rachmiel Frydland, Risto Santala, and David H. Stern (author of the Complete Jewish Bible).{{cite web|url=http://www.judaismsanswer.com/lies.htm |title=Lies Damned Lies and What the Missionaries Claim the Rabbis say |publisher=Judaismsanswer.com |date=1996-02-22 |access-date=2011-01-21}} Rabbi Shulman's website offers scholarly articles on the misuse of the Targums, Midrash and Talmud by non-Jews who quote from Jewish sources in an attempt to convert Jews.{{cite web|url=http://www.judaismsanswer.com/ |title=Judaism's Answer |publisher=Judaismsanswer.com |date= |access-date=2011-01-21}}

The leading counter-missionary organization in Israel is {{transliteration|he|Yad L'Achim}}, an organization focusing on Orthodox Judaism outreach and counter-missionary activity. {{transliteration|he|Yad L'Achim}} is made up of both paid staff and volunteers, and is largely supported by donations both from Israel and the diaspora.{{cite web|url=http://www.yadlachimusa.org.il/Index.asp?CategoryID=190 |title=About our Staff |publisher=Yadlachimusa.org.il |date=2010-12-23 |access-date=2011-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503085652/http://www.yadlachimusa.org.il/Index.asp?CategoryID=190 |archive-date=May 3, 2010 }}